Silvie Heviánková

STUDY AND RESEARCH ON CLEANING PROCEDURES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PRODUCTS STUDIUM A VÝZKUM POSTUPŮ ČIŠTĚNÍ ANAEROBNÍ DIGESCE

Abstract This paper focuses on increasing quantities of digestate, a final product of anaerobic digestion, in biogas stations being built as alternative sources of energy. The potential use of digestate is limited due to its rather specific physical properties. This paper presents current approaches to digestate and digestate management. The objective is to compare the properties of digestate and the products of its separation via centrifuging, i.e. the liquid phase known as digestate liquor, and the solid phase referred to as digestate fibre. Its focus is mainly laid on techniques for dewatering digestate in low-solid anaerobic processes only, which have been tested for the effectiveness of the basic physical and chemical methods including their combinations. The measured results show that the use of coagulants and flocculants for this purpose would be very problematic in practice with regard to their high consumption as well as the need to input other elements into the process. Abstrakt Předložený článek se zabývá problematikou narůstajícího množství digestátu jako konečného produktu anaerobní digesce v bioplynových stanicích, budovaných jako alternativní zdroje energie. Digestát má v současné době omezené využití, které je dáno jeho specifickými fyzikálními vlastnostmi, zejména extrémně problematickou separací jednotlivých složek, ale také chemickým a mikrobiologickým složením. Jeho vlastnosti jsou z největší části ovlivněny druhem zpracovávané biomasy. V úvodní části tato studie předkládá současné možnosti nakládání s digestátem. Předmětem experimentální části je popis odběru a analýzy vzorků digestátu včetně jeho zpracování v laboratorních podmínkách použitím odstředění a následné posouzení vlastností digestátu a produktů separace, tj. fugátu a separátu a dále testování koagulačních a flokulačních činidel pro účinnější separaci tuhé fáze z digestátu, resp. fugátu. Použití koagulantů a flokulantů pro tyto účely v praxi by bylo značně problematické s ohledem na jejich vysokou spotřebu a vnos dalších prvků do procesu.

Artificial Ground Water Recharge with Surface Water

With regard to the adverse manifestations of the recent climatic conditions, Europe as well as the world have been facing the problem of dry periods that reduce the possibility of drawing drinking water from the underground sources. The paper aims to describe artificial ground water recharge (infiltration) that may be used to restock underground sources with surface water from natural streams. Among many conditions, it aims to specify the boundary and operational conditions of the individual aspects of the artificial ground water recharge technology. The principle of artificial infiltration lies in the design of a technical system, by means of which it is possible to conduct surplus water from one place (in this case a natural stream) into another place (an infiltration basin in this case). This way, the water begins to infiltrate into the underground resources of drinking water, while the mixed water composition corresponds to the water parameters required for drinking water.

Wykorzystanie pofermentu z biogazowni do wytwarzania nawozów

Chociaz w Republice Czeskiej ma miejsce boom w budowie biogazowni, to wykorzystanie pozostalości pofermentacyjnych (pofermentow) z tych instalacji jako nawozow w rolnictwie jest wciąz przedmiotem ozywionych dyskusji. Pofermenty zazwyczaj zawierają znaczne ilości azotu amonowego, ktory przy pH powyzej 8 jest niestabilny i latwo przechodzi w wolny amoniak, co powoduje nie tylko utrate skladnikow uzyźniających glebe, ale rowniez stwarza zagrozenie toksyczne dla edafonu glebowego. Zaleca sie zatem komponowanie pofermentu z innymi materialami, a zwlaszcza z odpadami organicznymi. W pracy wytwarzano nawozy o ulepszonych wlaściwościach poprzez konwersje pofermentu. Otrzymano i przetestowano 50 mieszanek. Probki nawozow porownano w testach kielkowania przeprowadzonych zgodnie z normami czeskimi. Mieszanki pofermentu z torfem mialy korzystne charakterystyki i nie wykazywaly toksycznego dzialania na rośliny. Sześc mieszanek wrecz stymulowalo wzrost roślin.

Artificial recharge – measurement of soil infiltration in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential for infiltration in a study area – Rožnov pod Radhoštěm, the Czech Republic. The results are important for the future design of an artificial recharge structure as a method to store water underground in times of water surplus. A total of six measurements of infiltration were made using a double ring infiltrometer on selected prospective sites for the future application of artificial recharge. The results of infiltration tests were analysed based on the Philip’s model. The steady soil infiltration rates ranged from 28 cm∙h−1 to 70.38 cm∙h−1and the cumulative soil infiltration ranged from 58 cm to 68 cm.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF FLOCCULATION OF DIGESTATE

Abstract The paper deals with the intensification of separating the solid phase of digestate using flocculants only. The separated solid phase should subsequently be used in agriculture for fertilising. Flocculants (polyacrylamides) are difficult to biodegrade. In this respect, they should not deteriorate the properties of the solid phase and the flocculant dose must be as low as possible. The research aimed to identify the optimal cationic flocculant and its application procedure which would enable a dosage that would be both economically and ecologically acceptable. We tested 21 cationic flocculants of different charge density and molecular weight and 1 mixture of two selected flocculants (Sokoflok 53 and Sokoflok 54) with the aim to discover the lowest possible dose of flocculating agent to achieve the effective aggregation of digestate particles. The lowest flocculant doses were obtained using the mixture of flocculants labelled Sokoflok 53 and Sokoflok 54 in 4:1 proportion, both of a low charge density and medium molecular weight, namely 14.54 g/kg of total solids for a digestate from the biogas plant Stonava and namely 11.80 g/kg of total solids for a digestate from the biogas plant Vrahovice. The findings also reveal that flocculation is most effective during two-stage flocculant dosing at different mixing time and intensity.