Sima Singha

Ablation and plasma emission produced by dual femtosecond laser pulses

Pairs of 80fs, 800nm laser pulses were used to ablate Si, Cu, and CaF2 in air. The spectrally resolved plasma emission was measured as a function of laser fluence and pulse delay. After an initial dip, the fluorescence was found to increase monotonically with pulse delay, reaching a plateau after some tens of picoseconds, depending on the material and fluence. The enhancement ratio (defined as the ratio of the fluorescence produced by the pulse pair to that produced by a single pulse of the same total fluence) reaches a maximum value of 6 and 11 at a fluence of ∼6J∕cm2 for Si and Cu, respectively, and declines to a value below 2 at higher fluences. In contrast, the enhancement for CaF2 increases slowly from zero near threshold to a broad maximum value of 2 near 50J∕cm2. Using reflectivity and atomic force microscopy measurements as diagnostics, we interpret the Si and Cu behavior in terms of a two phase mechanism, in which the first pulse melts the surface of the crystal and the second pulse ablates the r...

Mechanism for the ablation of Si⟨111⟩ with pairs of ultrashort laser pulses

Pairs of ultrafast laser pulses are used to ablate Si⟨111⟩. The fluorescence from Si atoms and ions was observed to increase by an order of magnitude as the delay between the pulses was increased. From the dependence of the fluorescence enhancement on the laser fluence and the pulse delay, it is deduced that the first pulse melts the surface and that the second pulse interacts more strongly with the liquid phase.

Polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

It is shown that plasma polarization measurements can be used to enhance the sensitivity of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The polarization of the plasma emission is used to suppress the continuum with only slight attenuation of the discrete atomic and ionic spectra. The method is demonstrated for LIBS detection of copper and carbon samples ablated by pairs of femtosecond laser pulses.

Observation of near total polarization in the ultrafast laser ablation of Si

We report nearly completely polarized emission from the plasma produced in the femtosecond ablation of Si(111). Pairs of ultrashort laser pulses were focused onto the target in air, and the polarization spectrum was measured as a function of energy, pulse delay, and polarization state of the laser. When the laser was focused on the surface, the fluorescence continuum was strongly polarized, whereas discrete lines appeared as minima in the polarization spectrum. Under this focusing condition, the continuum polarization increased with pulse delay and decreased with pulse energy and fluorescence wavelength, with >95% polarization in the ultraviolet.

Closed loop coherent control of electronic transitions in gallium arsenide.

A genetic algorithm was used to control the photoluminesce-nce (PL) from GaAs(100). A spatial light modulator (SLM) used feedback from the emission to optimize the spectral phase profile of an ultrashort laser pulse. Most of the experiments were performed using a sine phase function to optimize the integrated PL spectrum over a specified wavelength range, with the amplitude and period of the phase function treated as genetic parameters. An order of magnitude increase in signal was achieved after only one generation, and an optimized waveform, consisting of three equally spaced pulses approximately 0.8 ps apart, was obtained after 15 generations. The effects of fluence, polarization, relative phase of the subpulses, and spectral range of the optimized PL were investigated. In addition, preliminary experiments were performed using the phases of individual pixels of the SLM as genetic variables. The PL spectrum is identified with recombination of electron-hole pairs in the L-valley of the Brillouin zone. Control is achieved by coherent manipulation of plasma electrons. It is proposed that hot electrons excite lattice phonons, which in turn scatter carriers into the L-valley.

Fluorescence Enhancement Ratio Dropdown at Low Fluences during Femtosecond Double Pulse Laser Ablation

In the study of double pulse ablation of materials (silicon and copper), a dropdown of double pulse to single pulse fluorescence signal enhancement at low fluences is observed. The dropdown is analysed with a simple theoretical one-dimensional heat diffusion model and verified by fluorescence time constants change as a function offluence. The dropdown is explained as a result of liquid-solid mixture layer at the liquid and solid boundary. The effect of the layer becomes important at low fluences.

Coherent phase control of internal conversion in pyrazine.

Shaped ultrafast laser pulses were used to study and control the ionization dynamics of electronically excited pyrazine in a pump and probe experiment. For pump pulses created without feedback from the product signal, the ion growth curve (the parent ion signal as a function of pump/probe delay) was described quantitatively by the classical rate equations for internal conversion of the S2 and S1 states. Very different, non-classical behavior was observed when a genetic algorithm (GA) employing phase-only modulation was used to minimize the ion signal at some pre-determined target time, T. Two qualitatively different control mechanisms were identified for early (T < 1.5 ps) and late (T > 1.5 ps) target times. In the former case, the ion signal was largely suppressed for t < T, while for t ≫ T, the ion signal produced by the GA-optimized pulse and a transform limited (TL) pulse coalesced. In contrast, for T > 1.5 ps, the ion growth curve followed the classical rate equations for t < T, while for t ≫ T, the quantum yield for the GA-optimized pulse was much smaller than for a TL pulse. We interpret the first type of behavior as an indication that the wave packet produced by the pump laser is localized in a region of the S2 potential energy surface where the vertical ionization energy exceeds the probe photon energy, whereas the second type of behavior may be described by a reduced absorption cross section for S0 → S2 followed by incoherent decay of the excited molecules. Amplitude modulation observed in the spectrum of the shaped pulse may have contributed to the control mechanism, although this possibility is mitigated by the very small focal volume of the probe laser.

Optical generation of polarized photoluminescence from GaAs(100)

Polarized photoluminescence from GaAs(100) was generated using shaped ultrashort laser pulses. A train of three pulses separated by an integer multiple of the longitudinal optical phonon period produced p-polarized continuum emission, whereas trains with half-integer multiples of the phonon period as well as single Gaussian pulses produced s-polarized emission. The p-polarized emission is attributed to recombination of carriers in the L-valley, resulting from plasma generation and coherent phonon-excitation by the pulse train, whereas the s-polarized emission is caused by reflection by the melted surface of unpolarized plasma emission.