Simone Damasceno Gomes

Deslocamento miscível de nitrato e fosfato proveniente de água residuária da suinocultura em colunas de solo

Fertigation with wastewater from swine is very much used, mainly in the southern region of Brazil. However, the high polluting potential of these wastewaters represents a threat of soil contamination of surface and underground waters if used in excessive amounts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the leaching process of nitrate and phosphate ions in soil columns, getting the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and factor of retardation and potential of contamination of underground water. The effect of wastewater application on physical and chemical properties of the soil was verified. The results showed that the potential for contamination of underground water by nitrate ions is high, in contrast to what occurs with phosphate ions that presented low potential of contamination due to their high reactivity.

Textile residue and wastewater from swine culture on the eucalyptus production

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of textile silt, seasoning and irrigation with wastewater from swine activities on the production of Eucalyptus seedlings W, Hill ex Maiden. The treatments were constituted by three factors: chemical manuring (0; 1 and 2 grams of NPK 14-14 by tube), irrigation (water and remaining wastewater from swine) and substratum with five levels of fraction of the textile silt and commercial substratum (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%). Four periods were evaluated during the production (germination, 21 days), (50% shadowing, 40 days), (18% shadowing, 20 days) and (full sun, 9 days) with a total of 90 days of production. The irrigation was performed by aspersion, with 12 mm day-1. The agronomic parameters evaluated were height (H), diameter (D) and the relation height/diameter (H/D) of the plants. The experimental delineation used was entirely casual on a factorial scheme with 39 repetitions per treatment. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the chemical season propitiated effect on the plants heights on the last production periods. The substratum factor presented itself on the negative form when used in 100% of the textile silt. The wastewater from swine culture presented the best results for the samples at diameter and at height. Using the parameter of the Height/Diameter relation to evaluate the samples, the remaining wastewater propitiated an anticipation of 30 days on the eucalyptus production.

Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura em solo cultivado com soja: cobre e zinco no material escoado e no solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the diffuse pollution regarding to the copper and to the zinc in the soil and in the runoff material due to the application of swine wastewater (ARS) in soil cultivated with soybean, under simulated rain condition. The experiment was installed in Toledo - PR, Brazil, and it was applied to the soil five rates of ARS (0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 m3 ha-1 in the cycle), in three replications for treatment, divided in six applications along the cycle of the soybean. Gutters were installed gutters to collect the runoff material and it was made six rain simulations during the experiment, resulting in six collections of the runoff. At the end of the soybean cycle, soil samples were collected in each one of the experimental plots, at three depths, for pH determination, cation exchangeable capacity, organic matter, copper and zinc. It was observed that there were copper and zinc losses through runoff and the largest copper concentrations were verified at 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths, while the zinc presented larger concentration in the top layer 0-20 cm and it increased in the other depths.

Ethanol production from sunflower meal biomass by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 36907.

The lignocellulosic materials are considered promising renewable resources for ethanol production, but improvements in the processes should be studied to reduce operating costs. Thus, the appropriate enzyme loading for cellulose saccharification is critical for process economics. This study aimed at evaluating the concentration of cellulase and β-glucosidase in the production of bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sunflower meal biomass. The sunflower biomass was pretreated with 6xa0% H2SO4 (w/v), at 121xa0°C, for 20xa0min, for hemicellulose removal and delignificated with 1xa0% NaOH. SSF was performed with Kluyveromycesmarxianus ATCC 36907, at 38xa0°C, 150xa0rpm, for 72xa0h, with different enzyme concentrations (Cellulase Complex NS22086-10, 15 and 20 FPU/gsubstrate and β-Glucosidase NS22118, with a cellulase to β-glucosidase ratio of 1.5:1; 2:1 and 3:1). The best condition for ethanol production was cellulase 20 FPU/gsubstrate and β-glucosidase 13.3 CBU/gsubstrate, resulting in 27.88xa0g/L ethanol, yield of 0.47xa0g/g and productivity of 0.38xa0g/Lxa0h. Under this condition the highest enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose was attained (87.06xa0%).

Anaerobic co-digestion of crude glycerin and starch industry effluent

The Brazils Biodiesel Production and Use Program introduces biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing along the perspective of a growth of the glycerin offer, co-product generated in the proportion of 10 kg for each 100 L of biodiesel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of crude glycerin in the anaerobic digestion of cassava starch industry effluent (cassava wastewater), in a horizontal semi-continuous flow reactor of one phase in laboratory scale. It was used a reactor with a 8.77 L of useful volume, a medium support for corrugated conduit of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), temperature of 261 oC, fed with cassava wastewater and glycerin, with hydraulic detention times of 4 and 5 days and increasing volumetric organic load of 3.05; 9.32; 14.83 and 13.59 g COD L-1 d-1, obtained with the addition of glycerin at 0; 2; 3 and 2% (v/v), respectively. The average removal efficiencies of TS and TVS were decreasing from the addition of glycerin to the cassava wastewater, averaging 81.19 to 55.58% for TS and 90.21 to 61.45% for TVS. The addition of glycerin at 2% increased the biogas production compared to the control treatment, reaching 1.979 L L-1 d-1. The biogas production as a function of the consumed COD was higher for the control treatment than for the treatments with addition of glycerin, which indicates lower conversion of organic matter into biogas.

Produção específica de biogás a partir de manipueira em reator de fase única

This article presents a study on biogas production from wastewater cassava considering the volume of a one-phase horizontal tubular flow reactor. The objective was to evaluate the biogas production, enlarging the organic loadings and feeding volums, resulting in minor hydraulic retention times (HRT). The reactor was continuously fed with organic charges corresponding to 1.18; 1.28; 1.57 and 2.68 g COD L-1r d-1 (grams of oxygen chemical demand per liter of reactor per day), resulting in hydraulic retention times 15; 13; 8.3 and 6.6 days. The correspondent specific biogas productions were, respectively, 0.52; 0.41; 0.65 and 0.63 L L-1rd-1 , emphasizing that the 13-day was the first HRT rated, followed by 8.3, 6.6 and 15 days. It was concluded that with the HRT decrease occurred larger biogas production per reactor volume. Therefore, with the correct selection for HRT, it is possible to make the best of the reactor volume, resulting in economy at the technology implantation in cassava starch industries.

Selection of microorganisms producer of lipase for fat removal from biodiesel purification water

The objective this study has been the selection of lipase productor microorganism, for removal of oils and grease, in the pre-treatment of biodiesel wastewater washing. For this, analyses of the physicist-chemistries characteristics had been made with the wastewater of the biodiesel washing, and then it had been isolated and chosen, by means of determinations of the lipase activity. Following, it was made a test of fat biodegradation, in the conditions: pH (5.95), temperature (35 oC), rotation (180 rpm) and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source (3 g L-1) and establishing as variable the two microorganism preselected and the time (24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 h). The biodiesel purification wastewater had presented high potential of environmental impact, presenting a concentration of O of 6.76 g L-1. From the six isolated microbiological cultures, two microorganisms (A and B) had been selected, with enzymatic index of 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. The treatment of the wastewater using the isolated microorganism (Klebsiella oxytoca) had 80% of the fatty removal in 48 h.

Anaerobic reactors with biofilter and different diameter-length ratios in cassava starch industry wastewater treatment

A utilizacao de reatores anaerobios com meio suporte no tratamento de efluentes liquidos, provenientes das fecularias de mandioca, tem-se apresentado como uma opcao viavel, uma vez que possibilita a aplicacao de cargas orgânicas elevadas e uma reducao consideravel do TDH necessario para o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu no estudo do processo de biodigestao, em dois reatores anaerobios, com meio suporte de bambu, no tratamento de efluente de fecularia de mandioca, por meio da avaliacao do desempenho dos mesmos. Foram utilizados dois reatores com relacoes diâmetro:comprimento 1:6 e 1:3. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas aos sistemas foram 0,519; 1,156; 1,471; 3,049; 4,347; 4,708 e 5,601 g.L-1d-1. Com relacao a eficiencia de remocao de DQO, ST e STV, nao foram obtidas diferencas estatisticas entre os reatores. Os dois sistemas avaliados apresentaram comportamento estavel em relacao a AV/AT (acidez volatil/alcalinidade total) para todas as cargas submetidas. Os reatores apresentaram tendencia a manutencao da producao de biogas em funcao da DQO consumida, para as tres ultimas cargas orgânicas aplicadas, indicando uma capacidade de suportar cargas orgânicas mais elevadas.

Tratamento de efluente de abatedouro de tilápia com adição de manipueira na fase anóxica

The objective of this work was to evaluate the denitrification of tilapia slaughterhouse wastewater, in a batch reactor. For this, it was evaluated the wastewater from a cassava processing industry (manipueira) as a carbon source. It was also evaluated the shaking conditions of the process. The experiments were carried out in laboratory series, where five shaking levels were tested (20; 32; 60; 88 e 100 rpm) as well as five COD/N ratio levels (0.1; 1.0; 3.2; 5.4 and 6.3), forming a planning as a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD), with four essays in levels +1 and - 1; four essays on the axial points levels (-1.414 and +1.414) and one more triplicate in the central point (0), which meant eleven essays. The denitrification performance through the nitrate removal (%) and nitrite removal (%) were evaluated. During this process, temperature (oC), pH and alkalinity (mgCaCO3.L-1) were also observed. The results showed that the COD/N ratio had significant influence, with a 95 % of confidence interval, on the process of nitrate and nitrite removal, with a great operation range, from 3.2 to 5.4, whose nitrogen removal efficiencies were 100 %.

Comportamento cinético da nitrificação em um reator em bateladas sequenciais usado no pós-tratamento de efluente avícola

Um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biomassa em suspensao e volume util de 5L, aplicado para remocao de nutrientes e materia orgânica, foi operado em escala de bancada, nas condicoes otimas obtidas a partir de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), tempo de ciclo (TC) de 16 h (10h15 fase aerobia e 4h35 fase anoxica) e relacao carbono:nitrogenio (DQO/N-NO2-+N-NO3-) de 6. Avaliaram-se 20 ciclos completos, nitrificacao seguida de desnitrificacao, com o objetivo de efetuar o estudo do comportamento cinetico de degradacao da materia orgânica (DQO) e nitrogenada (N-NH4+, N-NO2- e N-NO3-) presentes no efluente proveniente do abate e industrializacao de aves, bem como avaliar a estabilidade do reator atraves de graficos de controle Shewhart para medidas individuais. Os resultados apontaram valores medios de remocao de nitrogenio inorgânico total (N-NH4++N-NO2-+N-NO 3-) de 84,32±1,59% (C.V.=1,89%) e de materia orgânica (DQO) de 53,65±8,48% (CV= 15,81%), no processo completo (nitrificacao-desnitrificacao), estando o processo sob controle estatistico. A atividade nitrificante estimada, durante a fase aerobia, pela determinacao dos parâmetros cineticos, apresentou valores medios para K1 e K2, de 0,00381±0,00043 min-1 e 0,00249±0,00056 min-1, respectivamente. A avaliacao do comportamento cinetico de conversao do nitrogenio indicou possivel reducao no TC da fase anoxica, uma vez que foram alcancadas remocoes de N-NO2- e N-NO3-, superiores a 90%, em apenas uma hora de desnitrificacao.