Benedito Martins Gomes

Uso de manipueira no desenvolvimento vegetativo do milho em ambiente protegido

This study evaluated the effects of the wastewater of cassava industry, treated by pond system, on the corn crop. The irrigation with wastewater resulted in an increase in chemical parameters of the soil, proportional to the respective treatments in the following order: L1E (effluent of the decantation pond), L1ED (effluent of the pond of decantation with 50% dilution), L2E (effluent of the first anaerobic pond), L2ED (effluent of the first anaerobic pond with 50% dilution), L3E (effluent of the second anaerobic pond), L3ED (effluent of the second anaerobic pond with 50% dilution) and T (control without fertilization and irrigation with water) except for the treatment TA (control with fertilization: 85 kg ha-1 K2O; 60 kg ha-1 N; 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 and irrigation with water:); the height of plant for the treatments varied in the following order: L1E, TA, T which differed significantly followed by L1ED, L2ED and L3ED statistically similar; and L2E and L3E which also showed similar results without significant differences at 5% probability level. The number of leaves did not present significant differences among the evaluated treatments, only the concentrations of phosphorus and zinc in the leaves and roots presented significant differences.

Anaerobic co-digestion of crude glycerin and starch industry effluent

The Brazils Biodiesel Production and Use Program introduces biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing along the perspective of a growth of the glycerin offer, co-product generated in the proportion of 10 kg for each 100 L of biodiesel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of crude glycerin in the anaerobic digestion of cassava starch industry effluent (cassava wastewater), in a horizontal semi-continuous flow reactor of one phase in laboratory scale. It was used a reactor with a 8.77 L of useful volume, a medium support for corrugated conduit of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), temperature of 261 oC, fed with cassava wastewater and glycerin, with hydraulic detention times of 4 and 5 days and increasing volumetric organic load of 3.05; 9.32; 14.83 and 13.59 g COD L-1 d-1, obtained with the addition of glycerin at 0; 2; 3 and 2% (v/v), respectively. The average removal efficiencies of TS and TVS were decreasing from the addition of glycerin to the cassava wastewater, averaging 81.19 to 55.58% for TS and 90.21 to 61.45% for TVS. The addition of glycerin at 2% increased the biogas production compared to the control treatment, reaching 1.979 L L-1 d-1. The biogas production as a function of the consumed COD was higher for the control treatment than for the treatments with addition of glycerin, which indicates lower conversion of organic matter into biogas.

Selection of microorganisms producer of lipase for fat removal from biodiesel purification water

The objective this study has been the selection of lipase productor microorganism, for removal of oils and grease, in the pre-treatment of biodiesel wastewater washing. For this, analyses of the physicist-chemistries characteristics had been made with the wastewater of the biodiesel washing, and then it had been isolated and chosen, by means of determinations of the lipase activity. Following, it was made a test of fat biodegradation, in the conditions: pH (5.95), temperature (35 oC), rotation (180 rpm) and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source (3 g L-1) and establishing as variable the two microorganism preselected and the time (24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 h). The biodiesel purification wastewater had presented high potential of environmental impact, presenting a concentration of O of 6.76 g L-1. From the six isolated microbiological cultures, two microorganisms (A and B) had been selected, with enzymatic index of 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. The treatment of the wastewater using the isolated microorganism (Klebsiella oxytoca) had 80% of the fatty removal in 48 h.

Variação espacial e temporal dos fatores limnológicos em riachos da microbacia do rio São Francisco Verdadeiro

In order to characterize spatially and temporarily streams of the Sao Francisco Verdadeiro river micro-basin in Marechal Cândido Rondon, State of Parana, Brazil, according to limnological factors, six sampling stations were established in three streams (Curvado, Ajuricaba and Arroio Fundo) - one station at the mouth of the river and other at the spring of the streams. Water samples were collected between June 2005 and May 2006, totalizing 72 samples. The following variables were analyzed: temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, suspended matter, total dissolved phosphorus, orthophosphate, total nitrogen and amoniacal nitrogen. According to ANOVA (variance analysis) it was observed low variability among the sampling stations however the temporal variation demonstrated the influence of the hydrologic cycle. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) discriminated the system based on the largest values registered for the limnological variables separating the periods influenced by droughts and rains. Most of the variables are associated with the rain period; however, sporadic concentration of nutrients in the drought and smaller dissolved oxygen values indicates a dilution difficulty in this period, caused by decrease of rain and consequently decrease of water volume in the streams.

Comportamento cinético da nitrificação em um reator em bateladas sequenciais usado no pós-tratamento de efluente avícola

Um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biomassa em suspensao e volume util de 5L, aplicado para remocao de nutrientes e materia orgânica, foi operado em escala de bancada, nas condicoes otimas obtidas a partir de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), tempo de ciclo (TC) de 16 h (10h15 fase aerobia e 4h35 fase anoxica) e relacao carbono:nitrogenio (DQO/N-NO2-+N-NO3-) de 6. Avaliaram-se 20 ciclos completos, nitrificacao seguida de desnitrificacao, com o objetivo de efetuar o estudo do comportamento cinetico de degradacao da materia orgânica (DQO) e nitrogenada (N-NH4+, N-NO2- e N-NO3-) presentes no efluente proveniente do abate e industrializacao de aves, bem como avaliar a estabilidade do reator atraves de graficos de controle Shewhart para medidas individuais. Os resultados apontaram valores medios de remocao de nitrogenio inorgânico total (N-NH4++N-NO2-+N-NO 3-) de 84,32±1,59% (C.V.=1,89%) e de materia orgânica (DQO) de 53,65±8,48% (CV= 15,81%), no processo completo (nitrificacao-desnitrificacao), estando o processo sob controle estatistico. A atividade nitrificante estimada, durante a fase aerobia, pela determinacao dos parâmetros cineticos, apresentou valores medios para K1 e K2, de 0,00381±0,00043 min-1 e 0,00249±0,00056 min-1, respectivamente. A avaliacao do comportamento cinetico de conversao do nitrogenio indicou possivel reducao no TC da fase anoxica, uma vez que foram alcancadas remocoes de N-NO2- e N-NO3-, superiores a 90%, em apenas uma hora de desnitrificacao.

Hazen-Williams equation corrected for swine wastewater

The objective of this study was to evaluate the head losses in commercial tubes of zinc, galvanized iron and PVC, with different diameters, aiming to determinate correction factors for Hazen-Willams equation as a function of total solids in swine wastewater. The results showed that the head loss has a linear relation with the total solids of swine wastewater; the head losses estimated by partial and global correction factors showed mean overestimate and underestimate of 0.7 and 13%, respectively.

Tratamento de efluente de refinaria de óleo de soja por sistema de flotação por ar dissolvido

The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of coagulants combined with three polyelectrolytes (anionic, cationic and non ionic) using dissolved air flotation (DAF) in the treatment of effluents of the soybean oil refinery. This study was conducted at laboratory-scale to find, through the coagulation diagram, the best limits of pH and coagulant concentration. With those limits, the dosage of flocculants was varied to achieve the optimum dosage. For that, some parameters were fixed: time and rapid mix gradient (1 min and 150 s-1), time and slow mix gradient (10 min and 40 s-1 - 5 min and 20 s-1), pressure in saturation chamber (450 kPa) and ascension velocity (1.67 cm min-1) for two flotation tests. After the flotation tests, samples of treated effluent were collected for comparison with crude effluent. The removal percentage obtained of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 93.7 and 95.1% and of oil and greases (O&G) was 94.2 and 99.8% for the test 1 and 2, respectively. Despite excellent efficiencies of removal, the treated effluent did not present characteristics for reuse in cooling towers, because the COD was above 75 mg L-1 O2.

Turbidimetry as an alternative method to determine the rating curve of suspended sediments

Understanding hydrosedimental behavior of a watershed is essential for properly managing and using its hydric resources. The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of the alternative procedure for the indirect determination of the sediment key curve using a turbidimeter. The research was carried out on the Sao Francisco Falso River, which is situated in the west of the state of Parana on the left bank of ITAIPU reservoir. The direct method was applied using a DH-48 sediment suspended sampler. The indirect method consisted of the use of a linigraph and a turbidimeter. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the indirect method using a turbidimeter showed to be fully feasible, since it gave a power function-type mathematical model equal of the direct method. Furthermore, the average suspended sediment discharge into the Sao Francisco Falso River during the 2006/2007 harvest was calculated at 7.26 metric t day-1.