Solange de Paula Ramos

Anti-dentine antibodies with root resorption during orthodontic treatment

The aim of this study was to analyse serum IgG levels and salivary secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in human dentine extract (HDE) before (T0) and 6 months after (T6) orthodontic treatment and to correlate anti-HDE autoantibodies to root resorption. Fifty orthodontic patients were selected, 19 males (15.6 ± 8.5 years) and 31 females (21.4 ± 11.2 years), 19 in the mixed dentition (10.3 ± 1.9 years) and 31 in the permanent dentition (24.6 ± 9.9 years). Fifty individuals not undergoing orthodontic treatment matched by gender and age were selected as the controls. Periapical radiographs of the upper central incisors and saliva sampling were obtained of all patients at T0 and T6. Serum samples were collected from the permanent dentition patients (n = 31). Antibody levels were determined by means of immunoenzyme assay. At T6, root resorption was classified as grade 0 (no resorption), grade 1 (slight resorption), and grade 2 (moderate to severe resorption). Differences between antibody levels at T0 and T6 and among different grades of resorption were determined by paired t- and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. Spearmans rank correlation coefficient was applied to detect correlation between sIgA and IgG levels, and logistic regression to determine the association of root resorption grade and the studied variables. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Serum anti-HDE IgG levels decreased (P < 0.01) in grade 2 root resorption patients during treatment and was not correlated to salivary sIgA levels or other variables. Patients who had grade 2 root resorption at T6 showed higher levels of anti-HDE sIgA (P < 0.001). Anti-HDE sIgA levels at T0 and root shape were the main factors associated with the degree of root resorption. The results suggest that variations to systemic and local humoural immune response to dentine antigens may occur during orthodontic treatment. High levels of salivary sIgA before treatment were associated with more advanced lesions after 6 months of treatment.

Cardiac autonomic recovery after a single session of resistance exercise with and without vascular occlusion.

Abstract Okuno, NM, Pedro, RE, Leicht, AS, de Paula Ramos, S, and Nakamura, FY. Cardiac autonomic recovery after a single session of resistance exercise with and without vascular occlusion. J Strength Cond Res 28(4): 1143–1150, 2014—The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate variability (HRV) after resistance training with and without vascular occlusion. It was hypothesized that low intensity (LI) with vascular occlusion (LIO) would elicit comparable postexercise HRV responses with that of high intensity (HI) without vascular occlusion. Nine subjects undertook 4 experimental sessions of leg press exercise on different days: (a) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test, (b) 4 sets of 8 repetitions + 1 set until exhaustion at 80% of 1RM without vascular occlusion (HI), (c) 4 sets of 16 repetitions + 1 set until exhaustion at 40% of 1RM with vascular occlusion (LIO), and (d) 4 sets of 16 repetitions + 1 set with the number of repetitions equal to the last set of LIO but at 40% of 1RM without vascular occlusion (LI). Heart rate variability was analyzed 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, and 24 hours after the HI, LIO, and LI sessions. The HI session increased the heart rate (HR) and reduced the root mean square of the successive difference of R-R intervals (RMSSD) and log-transformed high-frequency (lnHF) power during prolonged recovery (HR = 5 hours; RMSSD = 30 minutes; lnHF = 1 hour) at a greater magnitude when compared with LIO and LI. Despite the same intensity of exercise for LIO and LI, the occlusion delayed the recovery of HR and HRV variables. Postexercise blood lactate concentration was moderate to strongly correlated with peak HR (r = 0.87), RMSSD (r = −0.64), and lnHF (r = −0.68). This study has demonstrated that LIO was able to reduce cardiac autonomic stress when compared with HI.

Biochemical Differences Between Official and Simulated Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) Matches

Background One of the goals for training in combat sports is to mimic real situations. For mixed martial arts (MMA), simulated sparring matches are a frequent component during training, but a there is a lack of knowledge considering the differences in sparring and competitive environments. Objectives The main objective of this study was to compare biochemical responses to sparring and official MMA matches. Materials and Methods Twenty five male professional MMA fighters were evaluated during official events (OFF = 12) and simulated matches (SIM = 13). For both situations, blood samples were taken before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) matches. For statistical analysis, two-way analysis of variance (time x group and time x winner) were used to compare the dependent parametric variables. For non-parametric data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used and differences were confirmed by Mann-Whitney tests. Results No significant differences were observed among the groups for demographic variables. The athletes were 26.5 ± 5 years with 80 ± 10 kg, 1.74 ± 0.05 m and had 39.4 ± 25 months of training experience. Primary results indicated higher blood glucose concentration prior to fights for OFF group (OFF= 6.1 ± 1.2 mmol/L and SIM= 4.4 ± 0.7 mmol/L; P < 0.01) and higher ALT values for OFF group at both time points (OFF: PRE = 41.2 ± 12 U/L, POST = 44.2 ± 14.1 U/L; SIM: PRE = 28.1 ± 13.8 U/L, POST = 30.5 ± 12.5 U/L; P = 0.001). In addition, the blood lactate showed similar responses for both groups (OFF: PRE= 4 [3.4 - 4.4] mmol/L, POST= 16.9 [13.8 - 23.5] mmol/L; SIM: PRE = 3.8 [2.8 - 5.5] mmol/L, POST= 16.8 [12.3 - 19.2] mmol/L; P < 0.001). Conclusions In conclusion, MMA official and simulated matches induce similar high intensity glycolytic demands and minimal changes to biochemical markers of muscle damage immediately following the fights. Glycolytic availability prior to the fights was raised exclusively in response to official matches.

Effects of chronic caffeine intake and low‐intensity exercise on skeletal muscle of Wistar rats

Caffeine can affect muscle cell physiology and the inflammatory response during exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyse muscle damage markers and inflammatory cell infiltration into the soleus muscle of sedentary and exercised animals submitted to chronic caffeine intake. Thirty‐two male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups (n= 8 per group): sedentary control (SCO); sedentary + caffeine (SCAF); trained control (TCO); and trained + caffeine (TCAF). The animals were housed in individual cages and received tap water or caffeine (1 mg ml−1); they were maintained at rest or submitted to swimming for up to 40 min day−1 with a 4% load, five times per week for 30 days. Blood samples were collected for analysis of serum lactate, creatine kinase and calcium. The right soleus muscle and the epididymal fat depot were weighed, and the muscle was submitted to histological analysis. Training and caffeine did not change body or muscle weight, food and liquid intake or serum calcium levels among groups. Decreased fat tissue (P < 0.05) was observed in the SCAF (4.05 ± 1.03 g), TCO (4.14 ± 0.78 g) and TCAF groups (4.02 ± 1.02 g) compared with the SCO group (5.31 ± 1.06 g). Serum creatine kinase activity was significantly reduced in the SCAF (787.3 ± 230.3 U l−1), TCO (775.3 ± 232.3 U l−1) and TCAF groups (379.5 ± 110.5 U l−1) compared with the SCO group (1610.2 ± 276.5 U l−1). Few damaged muscle fibres (P < 0.05) were found in SCAF (16.7 ± 12.8%) and TCAF groups (17.3 ± 11.7%) compared with the SCO group (53.6 ± 13.9%). The SCAF group presented fewer fields with inflammatory cells (7.6 ± 8.7 fields) compared with the SCO group (123 ± 146 fields). The results suggest that the chronic intake of caffeine, as well as chronic low‐intensity exercise, decreased muscle damage and inflammatory infiltration into skeletal muscle.

Time-Motion and Biological Responses in Simulated Mixed Martial Arts Sparring Matches

Abstract Coswig, VS, Ramos, SdP, and Del Vecchio, FB. Time-motion and biological responses in simulated mixed martial arts sparring matches. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2156–2163, 2016—Simulated matches are a relevant component of training for mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. This study aimed to characterize time-motion responses and investigate physiological stress and neuromuscular changes related to MMA sparring matches. Thirteen athletes with an average age of 25 ± 5 years, body mass of 81.3 ± 9.5 kg, height of 176.2 ± 5.5 cm, and time of practice in MMA of 39 ± 25 months participated in the study. The fighters executed three 5-minute rounds with 1-minute intervals. Blood and salivary samples were collected and physical tests and psychometric questionnaires administered at 3 time points: before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 48 hours after the combat (48 h). Statistical analysis applied analysis of variance for repeated measurements. In biochemical analysis, significant changes (p ⩽ 0.05) were identified between PRE and POST (glucose: 80.3 ± 12.7 to 156.5 ± 19.1 mg·ml−1; lactate: 4 ± 1.7 to 15.6 ± 4.8 mmol·dl−1), POST and 48 hours (glucose: 156.5 ± 19.1 to 87.6 ± 15.5 mg·ml−1; lactate: 15.6 ± 4.8 to 2.9 ± 3.5 mmol·dl−1; urea: 44.1 ± 8.9 to 36.3 ± 7.8 mg·ml−1), and PRE and 48 hours (creatine kinase [CK]: 255.8 ± 137.4 to 395.9 ± 188.7 U/L). In addition, time-motion analyses showed a total high:low intensity of 1:2 and an effort:pause ratio of 1:3. In conclusion, simulated MMA sparring matches feature moderate to high intensity and a low degree of musculoskeletal damage, which can be seen by absence of physical performance and decrease in CK. Results of the study indicate that sparring training could be introduced into competitive microcycles to improve technical and tactical aspects of MMA matches, due to the high motor specificity and low muscle damage.

Efeitos comportamentais e imunológicos da fluoxetina em ratos submetidos ao nado forçado

Evidencias sugerem que a depressao envolve alteracoes imunologicas. No presente trabalho, os efeitos comportamentais e imunomoduladores de um antidepressivo, a fluoxetina, sao avaliados num modelo animal de depressao, o nado forcado. Nesse modelo, o comportamento de flutuar e usado como indice de desespero comportamental. Ratos foram tratados por 12 dias com fluoxetina ( 10mg/kg ) tres vezes ao dia ou com salina; e, nos mesmos dias, foram submetidos a sessoes de nado forcado. Adicionalmente, a resposta imune humoral a uma imunoestimulacao foi avaliada. Os animais tratados com fluoxetina apresentaram menor producao total de anticorpos e queda de massa corporal, alem d e passarem mais tempo flutua ndo. Os resultados sugerem que o desespero comportamental e a producao de anticorpos sao simultaneamente atenuados pela fluoxetina.

Relação entre métodos de quantificação de cargas de treinamento baseados em percepção de esforço e frequência cardíaca em jogadores jovens de futsal

Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar a associacao entre os metodos de quantificacao da carga de treinamento, PSE da sessao e impulso de treinamento proposto por Lucia (LuciaTRIMP) e descrever a distribuicao da intensidade de treinamento no futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18. Quinze jogadores (media e DP; idade: 17 ± 1 ano; massa corporal: 70,4 ± 6,5 kg; estatura: 175 ± 4 cm e IMC 23 ± 2 kg.m-2) foram submetidos a um teste de corrida incremental para determinar o limiar ventilatorio (LVmax), o ponto de compensacao respiratoria (PCR) e o consumo maximo de oxigenio (VO2max). Apenas oito atletas foram monitorados por meio dos metodos PSE da sessao e LuciaTRIMP durante 78 sessoes de treinamento antes da principal competicao da temporada. Foram encontradas correlacoes individuais de magnitudes alta a quase perfeita (r = 0,64 - 0,91) entre os metodos PSE da sessao e LuciaTRIMP. O padrao de distribuicao da intensidade de treinamento foi 76, 18 e 6% do tempo abaixo do LV (zona 1), entre LV e PCR (zona 2) e acima do PCR (zona 3), respectivamente. O metodo PSE da sessao se mostrou altamente relacionado com um metodo objetivo de quantificacao da carga de treinamento. Alem disso, as sessoes de treinamento de uma equipe de futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18 apresentaram um padrao decrescente de distribuicao das intensidades de treinamento.The aims of this study were to verify the association between the methods of training load quantification session-RPE and training impulse -proposed by Lucia (LuciaTRIMP) -and to describe the training intensity distribution in under-18 semi-professional futsal. Fifteen male players (mean and SD; age: 17 ± 1 years; body mass: 70.4 ± 6.5 kg; height: 175 ± 4 cm and BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m2) performed an incremental treadmill test to determine the ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Only eight athletes had their training loads quantified by means of session-RPE and Lucia methods over a total of 78 training sessions before the main competition of the season. High to almost perfect correlations (r = 0.64 - 0.91) were found between session-RPE and LuciaTRIMP methods. The distribution of the training intensity was, respectively, 76, 18 e 6% of training duration below VT (zone 1), between VT and RCP (zone 2), and above RCP (zone 3). The session-RPE method was highly associated with an objective method of training load quantification. Furthermore, the training sessions of a semi-professional under-18 futsal team showed a decreasing training intensity distribution.

Expression of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases in an Experimental Model of Candida albicans-Associated Denture Stomatitis.

PURPOSE Candida albicans is known to produce secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) to aid adhesion, invasion, and host tissue destruction. SAPs may contribute to denture stomatitis (DS) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo experimental model for Candida-associated DS that allows the analysis of SAP2, SAP5, and SAP9 expression by C. albicans from biofilm induced on the denture surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, denture, and denture/Candida group. The last two groups remained with dentures for 2, 4, and 6 days, with or without induced biofilm. SAP expression was concomitant with leukocyte counts as well as clinical and histological changes shown by animal palate. RESULTS The signs observed at 4 days in the denture/Candida group were clinically closer to the Candida-associated DS, showing a significant increase of neutrophils and decrease of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, presence of inflammation signs on the palate similar to DS Newton type I, and fungal invasion in the epithelial layer. Accordingly, the denture/Candida group at 4 days presented the highest relative expression of all SAPs studied. CONCLUSION The results showed a coincidence between SAP expression and clinical, microscopic, and blood data. Finally, the molecular findings were consistent with the virulence capacities of C. albicans from biofilm formed on the denture resin, which possibly allowed epithelial invasion by the fungus.

Effects of far infrared rays emitting clothing on recovery after an intense plyometric exercise bout applied to elite soccer players: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

The aim was to investigate the effects of far infrared (FIR) ray emitting clothes on indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and physical performance recovery after a plyometric bout applied to soccer players. Twenty-one male players (18.9±0.6 years; 70.8±5.01 kg; 178.3±0.06 cm) performed 100 drop-jumps. Six hours after the bout, athletes put on FIR clothes (FIR) (density of 225 g·m-2, 88% far infrared rays emitting polyamide 66 Emana yarn (PA66) fibre, 12% Spandex, emissivity of 0.88 and power emitted of 341 W/m2µm at 37°C in the 5-20 µm wavelength range, patent WO 2009/077834 A2) (N = 10) or placebo clothes (PLA) (N = 11). Mid-thigh circumferences, creatine kinase (CK), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before, immediately after and 24, 48, and 72 h after the bout. Squat (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) heights were measured before and at 24, 48, and 72 h after, while 1RM leg press (maximum strength) was measured before and at 72 h after the plyometrics. No differences between groups were found in mid-thigh circumferences, SJ, CMJ or 1RM. CK increased significantly 24 h after the plyometrics in comparison to before (p < 0.05) in both groups. PLA showed significant DOMS increases at 24, 48, and 72 h, while FIR showed significant increases at 24 and 48 h (p < 0.05). DOMS effect sizes were greater in FIR (moderate at 48 h, ES = 0.737 and large at 72 h, ES = 0.844), suggesting that FIR clothes may reduce perceived DOMS after an intense plyometric session performed by soccer players.

Caffeine and physical training: effects on cardiac morphology and cardiovascular response.

OBJECTIVE to analyze the morphological structure of cardiac, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of rats subjected to physical training with supplementation of caffeine. METHODS 60 rats were divided into 4 groups: control (CO), control with caffeine (CAF), trained control (TRE) and trained with caffeine (TCAF). All trained groups underwent 4 weeks of swimming, and all caffeine groups were supplemented by voluntary ingestion of caffeine diluted in drinking water. RESULTS there were no changes to BP and HR between groups. Regarding HRV, there was a decrease in LFnorm (low frequency) and LF/HF ratio (low and high frequency) in TCAF and CAF compared to group (p<0.02 and p<0.03, respectively). An increase occurred in CAF compared to the CO in the component LFnorm (p<0.05). The results also showed an increase in the relative weight of heart in the TRE (p<0.04) and TCAF (p<0.03) compared to CO. CONCLUSION caffeine did not modify the hemodynamic responses. However, physical training resulted in a decrease in sympathetic response and an increase in relative heart weight.