Sonaly Rezende

Integrando oferta e demanda de serviços de saneamento: análise hierárquica do panorama urbano brasileiro no ano 2000

The paper aims at identifying the main determinants of the presence of water supply and sanitation services, for Brazilian urban households in 2000. The supply and demand dimensions were converted in variables, using data from IBGE and Receita Federal. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed, in the last case through multiple regression with hierarchical model. In explaining the presence of the services in the households, the supply perspective showed more relevant than the demand variables, probably due to the extreme regional differentials in the Country. In supply dimension the categories that presented the highest chances were the Southeast region and the Autarchic management model. About the demand perspective, the lowest chances are in households were the head are man, single, younger, black and with lower schooling, as well as the family gains are lower.

(A falta de) Controle social das políticas municipais de saneamento: um estudo em quatro municípios de Minas Gerais

Tem sido crescentemente acentuada a enfase normativa para a participacao social e o controle das politicas publicas de saneamento no Brasil, o que recebeu reforco com o marco legal para o setor, que destaca a importância da intersetorialidade, do planejamento e do fortalecimento do controle social. Diante desse quadro, como estariam os poderes locais, titulares dos servicos, se organizando para planejar as suas politicas de saneamento? As questoes de saneamento estao presentes nas discussoes no âmbito de instâncias municipais destinadas ao controle social, incluindo conselhos de politicas urbanas, da saude, das cidades, da habitacao e do meio ambiente? Para essas questoes, buscaram-se respostas em conselhos urbanos situados em quatro municipios de portes populacionais distintos, pertencentes a Bacia do Rio das Velhas, em Minas Gerais: Contagem, Nova Lima, Sete Lagoas e Vespasiano. O estudo e delineado pela visao da atuacao dos conselheiros e sua percepcao quanto a inclusao da tematica do saneamento na agenda dos conselhos, bem como a importância conferida ao tema. As analises de documentos oficiais dos conselhos e de entrevistas realizadas com conselheiros mostraram que, na ausencia de instâncias formais de controle social, especificas para a area, sao as instâncias de participacao constituidas para outras politicas publicas que recebem os temas do setor de saneamento; contudo, eles encontram-se a margem do processo de implementacao das politicas. Observam-se, assim, insuficiencias e precariedades no processo de participacao desenvolvido, resultando em sua incapacidade de exercer controle sobre a politica publica de saneamento local.

Identificando correntes teóricas de planejamento: uma avaliação do Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (Plansab)

Public planning in Brazil, particularly in the basic sanitation field, has been ruled by diverse theoretical-methodological approaches, not always explicit, while an effort on the identification of matrices which structure the content of the different developed plans is relevant, once different matrices may conduct to different implications during their implementation. In this article, the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Basico (Plansab) is assessed, using, for that, an assessment model in which it is aimed to identify the principles underlying the plan elaboration, comparing them with the values defended by six planning schools, prevailing currently. Four analytical categories were prioritized: methodology, diagnosis, society participation, and future vision. The comparison has allowed the evaluation of the coherence between the principles which directed the initial planning proposal and the ones which were really undertaken in each of the elaboration phases, showing alignment of the plan with lines of thought that advocate participative process, strategic view and future view capable of dealing with uncertainties.

Estudo dos determinantes da coleta de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Minas Gerais

Este estudo teve como enfoque principal evidenciar a realidade mais ampla da situacao da coleta de residuos solidos urbanos (RSU) em Minas Gerais em 2000, trazendo aportes para este campo de analise por envolver as variaveis demograficas e socioeconomicas que ajudam na caracterizacao dos aspectos relativos a demanda e a oferta do servico, por meio da modelagem hierarquica. Seus resultados permitiram delinear um perfil daqueles que nao tem acesso ao servico de coleta e habitam principalmente as pequenas cidades das regioes mais pobres do Estado e as periferias urbanas dos grandes centros, representando a parcela populacional mais pobre e menos escolarizada, com acesso limitado tambem ao conhecimento e a saude.

O Conselho Municipal de Saneamento de Belo Horizonte: desafios e possibilidades

The Municipal Council of Sanitation (COMUSA) of Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil) was created in April, 2004. Since it is recently founded, mainly when compared to other existent municipal councils in Belo Horizonte (environmental and health, among others), COMUSA was conceived with expectations of a good operation, since it could be guided by the previous experience of the oldest councils. However, the Council still has some fragility, mainly structural, which brings barriers to its operation. This study aims to evaluate COMUSAs performance and the role played by this Council in social control and definition of public policies in Belo Horizontes sanitation area.

Privatização dos serviços desaneamento: uma análise qualitativa à luz do caso de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES)

The article examines the arguments used to justify and to counter the rhetoric of national and international authors and institutions in favor of private control of sanitation services. From data collected on the experience of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (Brazil), it concludes that the State was unable to provide quality services to the population, but the concession was not an entirely satisfactory solution for users, because it showed many of the recurring problems in other locations, according to reports in the literature, such as the low participation of the population and the lack of partnerships between the various agencies responsible for water and sanitation services in the municipality. The prioritization of certain areas over others, as well as increases in the amounts of fees charged, are other weaknesses found. Finally, it suggests, alternatively, the search for a less discriminatory management model, guided mainly by a strong and effective social control of decisions.

Infrastructure is a necessary but insufficient condition to eliminate inequalities in access to water: Research of a rural community intervention in Northeast Brazil

Given the importance of reducing diverse forms of inequality in access to water, highlighted both in the framework of the Human Right to Water (HRW) and in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), this work assesses conditions of access to water and related inequalities before and after the construction of a Water Supply System (WSS) in a rural community of Brazils semi-arid region. A quasi-experimental study was performed to assess the conditions of access to water for study and control groups (amounting to 380 households). The methodology encompassed two phases, one prior and another subsequent to the construction of a WSS in the study community. The analytical framework of the HRW was applied, specifically the normative content regarding quality, accessibility and availability. The case studys findings help to evidence the limitations and challenges of merely infrastructure-related measures to improve access to water. The construction of a new WSS in the studied community was an improvement as it provided water of good quality to the beneficiary households, which entailed a decreased or even a no-longer-existing need to collect water for children and adolescents. However, certain problems persisted, such as the continued practice of collecting water and the use, by certain families, of water that was fecally contaminated. In a different perspective, the WSS made it possible to increase the per capita volume of water consumed by families and to reduce inequalities associated with this aspect. Meanwhile, the research reveals the possible limits of the WSS in ensuring that higher volumes of water will be consumed per capita, especially among households without intra-household water distribution infrastructure.

A política pública para os serviços urbanos de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário no Brasil: financeirização, mercantilização e perspectivas de resistência

Este artigo busca analisar a politica publica de abastecimento de agua e esgotamento sanitario durante as gestoes do Partido dos Trabalhadores, entre 2007 e 2014, identificando, nos instrumentos da politica, uma ambiguidade entre uma logica mercantilizadora e uma logica do saneamento como direito social. Sao examinados o crescimento das empresas privadas de saneamento no periodo, evidenciando suas caracteristicas, e as mudancas recentes, com entrada do capital internacional. Finalmente, sao apresentados, como o contraponto ao que vem ocorrendo no Brasil, casos internacionais de retomada da gestao publica, que demonstram que a privatizacao nao e a unica alternativa, e que e possivel conciliar eficiencia e uma logica de saneamento como direito social.Resumo Este artigo busca analisar a política pública de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário durante as gestões do Partido dos Trabalhadores, entre 2007 e 2014, identificando, nos instrumentos da política, uma ambiguidade entre uma lógica mercantilizadora e uma lógica do saneamento como direito social. São examinados o crescimento das empresas privadas de saneamento no período, evidenciando suas características, e as mudanças recentes, com entrada do capital internacional. Finalmente, são apresentados, como o contraponto ao que vem ocorrendo no Brasil, casos internacionais de retomada da gestão pública, que demonstram que a privatização não é a única alternativa, e que é possível conciliar eficiência e uma lógica de saneamento como direito social.

Identificación de las corrientes teóricas de planificación: una evaluación del Plan Nacional de Saneamiento (Plansab)

Public planning in Brazil, particularly in the basic sanitation field, has been ruled by diverse theoretical-methodological approaches, not always explicit, while an effort on the identification of matrices which structure the content of the different developed plans is relevant, once different matrices may conduct to different implications during their implementation. In this article, the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Basico (Plansab) is assessed, using, for that, an assessment model in which it is aimed to identify the principles underlying the plan elaboration, comparing them with the values defended by six planning schools, prevailing currently. Four analytical categories were prioritized: methodology, diagnosis, society participation, and future vision. The comparison has allowed the evaluation of the coherence between the principles which directed the initial planning proposal and the ones which were really undertaken in each of the elaboration phases, showing alignment of the plan with lines of thought that advocate participative process, strategic view and future view capable of dealing with uncertainties.

Identifying theoretical tendencies of planning: an evaluation of the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (Plansab)

Public planning in Brazil, particularly in the basic sanitation field, has been ruled by diverse theoretical-methodological approaches, not always explicit, while an effort on the identification of matrices which structure the content of the different developed plans is relevant, once different matrices may conduct to different implications during their implementation. In this article, the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Basico (Plansab) is assessed, using, for that, an assessment model in which it is aimed to identify the principles underlying the plan elaboration, comparing them with the values defended by six planning schools, prevailing currently. Four analytical categories were prioritized: methodology, diagnosis, society participation, and future vision. The comparison has allowed the evaluation of the coherence between the principles which directed the initial planning proposal and the ones which were really undertaken in each of the elaboration phases, showing alignment of the plan with lines of thought that advocate participative process, strategic view and future view capable of dealing with uncertainties.