Stephan Leibfried

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State

PART I PHILOSOPHICAL JUSTIFICATIONS AND CRITIQUES OF THE WELFARE STATE PART II HISTORY PART III APPROACHES PART IV INPUTS AND ACTORS PART V POLICIES PART VI POLICY OUTCOMES PART VII WORLDS OF WELFARE PART VIII PROSPECTS

Federalism and the welfare state : new world and European experiences

Preface 1. Introduction: Federalism and the welfare state Herbert Obinger, Francis G. Castles and Stephan Leibfried Part I. New World Experiences: 2. Australia - federal constraints and institutional innovations Francis G. Castles and John Uhr 3. Canada - nation-building in a federal welfare Keith Banting 4. The United States - federalism and counterfactuals Kenneth Finegold Part II. European Experiences: 5. Austria - strong parties in a weak federal system Herbert Obinger 6. Germany - cooperative federalism and the overgrazing of the fiscal commons Philip Manow 7. Switzerland - the marriage of direct democracy and federalism Herbert Obinger, Klaus Armingeon, Giuliano Bonoli and Fabio Bertozzi 8. Conclusion: old and new politics in federal welfare states Stephan Leibfried, Francis G. Castles and Herbert Obinger.

Time and poverty in Western welfare states : united Germany in perspective

Preface R. Dahrendorf Part I. The Welfare State and the Life Course Passages Through Poverty: 1. Poverty in the welfare state: the life-course approach 2. Life course as politics Part II. Poverty in the Life Course: The Dynamics of Social Decline and Ascent: 3. Objective time: how long do people claim social assistance? 4. Subjective time: how social assistance is perceived and evaluated 5. Living time: poverty careers between exclusion and integration 6. Institutionalised time: does social assistance create dependency? Part III. Poverty and Social Change Debates and Policies: 7. Between denial and dramatisation: images of poverty in postwar Germany 8. Disruption and continuity in life courses: poverty in unified Germany 9. Increasingly dynamic? The impact of social change on social assistance dynamics Part IV. Poverty and Society: Towards a New Welfare State?: 10. Time and poverty: towards a new picture of poverty and social exclusion 11. Paths out of poverty: perspectives on active policy 12. Social inequality in transition 13. Individual lives and the welfare state - recasting the German welfare regime.

Education and the welfare state: the four worlds of competence production

In Anglo–Saxon countries education policy is usually seen as part of ‘social policy’, a term whose meaning is not identified with social security and social insurance only. As T. H. Marshall’s essay on ‘citizenship and social class’ and the Beveridge reforms demonstrate, an integrated view of social policy and education lies at the roots of UK welfare state reform right after the Second World War. Moreover, education reform even signified the ‘welfare state’ reform of the time. In his classical 1949 lecture and 1950 essay on ‘citizenship and social class’ Marshall spends much more time and space on education reform than he does on social security reform (Marshall, 1964). In the US, as well, the education sector was well developed and even served as an Ersatz-welfare-state (Heidenheimer, 1981).1 However, in Germany, as in other countries, education and social policy are still separated by some traditional feudal notion of class, and after 1955 the notion of ‘social reform’ referred to an issue of pension reform only. Education reform came from the dark only in the 1970s and was seen to take place in a universe quite distant from social policy.2 Now at the start of the 21st century – with the shift to a knowledge society – this 19th century constellation may turn into a massive competitive advantage for the Anglo–Saxon world. In this study we document how education and social policy are interconnected (see also Room, 2002; and earlier Finch, 1984) and contribute to developing standards for social reporting in this area. We compare two possible definitions of educational poverty, one based on years of schooling or degree attained, the other based on competences. A brief international comparison will address the distribution of competences: four worlds of competence production will be outlined, drawing on two analytical dimensions, the extent of differentiation and the absolute level of competences. Finally, we will offer an outlook on educational politics after PISA 2000 in Germany that should be of interest for the discussion in other member states. (In the Addendum we document the intraGerman leagues of competence production related to the international landscape.)

Bypasses to a social Europe? Lessons from federal experience

Abstract This paper uses the findings of a very recent major international research collaboration on the impact of federal arrangements on the development of the welfare state to explore the possibilities of progress beyond Europes present diversity of nation-state welfare standards. These findings – based on the long-term historical experience of the OECDs oldest federations – suggest that federal arrangements tend to slow down welfare state consolidation, but that much depends on the context of historical development. The emergence of bypass mechanisms circumventing federal veto-points is located as the key to welfare progress, and the role of regulation in European integration and the special role of the ECJ as well as that of ‘the open method of co-ordination’ are tentatively identified as possible EU bypass equivalents.

1 Reconfiguring the national constellation

The influence of the state on the trajectory of human lives is more comprehensive and sustained than that of any other organizational construct. We provide a definition of the modern nation-state in four intersecting dimensions – resources, law, legitimacy, and welfare – and review the history and status of each dimension, focusing on the fusion of nation and state in the 19th century, and the development of the ‘national constellation’ of institutions in the 20th. We then assess the fate of the nation-state after the Second World War and, with western OECD countries as our sample, track the rise and decline of its Golden Age through its prime in the 1960s and early 1970s. Finally, we identify the challenges confronting the nation-state of the 21st century, and use the analyses in the following eight essays to produce some working hypotheses about its current and future trajectory – namely, that the changes over the past 40 years are not merely creases in the fabric of the nation-state, but rather an unravelling of the finely woven national constellation of its Golden Age. Nor does there appear to be any standard, interwoven development of its four dimensions on the horizon. However, although an era of structural uncertainty awaits us, it is not uniformly chaotic. Rather, we see structured, but asymmetric change in the make-up of the state, with divergent transformations in each of its four dimensions. In general, nation-states are clinging to tax revenues and monopolies on the use of force, such that the resource dimension may change slowly if at all; the rule of law appears to be moving consistently into the international arena; the welfare dimension is headed in every direction, with privatization, internationalization, supra-nationalization, and defence of the national status quo, occurring at various rates for healthcare, pensions, public utilities, consumer protection, etc. in different countries. How, and whether, the democratic legitimacy of political processes will be ensured in such an incongruent, if not incoherent and paradoxical state is still unclear.

Transforming the golden-age nation state

The Golden-Age Nation State and its Transformation: A Framework for Analysis A.Hurrelmann, S.Leibfried, K.Martens & P.Mayer Europe, the Nation State and Taxation S.Uhl Internationalization of Intervention? UN and EU Security Politics and the Modern State S.Mayer & S.Weinlich From Diffusion to Interplay: Rethinking the Constitutional State in the Age of Global Legal Pluralism M.Herberg Transformations of Commercial Law: New Forms of Legal Certainty for Globalized Exchange Processes? G.Calliess, T.Dietz, W.Konradi, H.Nieswandt & F.Sosa Breaking the Nation State Shell: Prospects for Democratic Legitimacy in the International Domain J.Steffek Governing the Internet: The Quest for Legitimacy and Effective Rules: R.Bendrath, J.Hofmann, V.Leib, P.Mayer & M.Zurn The Internationalization of Education Policy: Towards Convergence of National Paths? K.Martens & A.Weymann The Role of the Nation State in the Internationalization of Accounting Regimes J.Zimmermann The Transformation of the Golden-Age Nation State: Findings and Perspectives A.Hurrelmann, S.Leibfried, K.Martens & P.Mayer

Bildungsarmut im Sozialstaat

Die Lebens(ver)laufsforschung verdankt Martin Kohli Wesentliches: Er, der stets versuchte, „to provide a bridge between the zealots of quantitative analysis and the zealots of qualitative biographical studies“ (Mayer 2000: 264), hat auf seine qualitativ gerichtete, disziplinar breite, soziologisch institutionell gewendete Weise der deutschen Lebens(ver)laufsvariante in den varieties of capitalism (Hall/Soskice 2001) Kontur und Farbe gegeben und diesen „deutschen Lebenslauf“ nicht nur im Altersbereich interventionsstaatlich wie vergleichend eingebettet. In welchem Umfang der Staat Strukturen des Lebens(ver)laufs pragt, konnte in der Folge seiner Schriften — wie auch von masgeblichen, wenngleich anders konturierten Beitragen von Karl Ulrich Mayer, Walter Muller, Walter Heinz und anderen — fur viele Bereiche gezeigt werden (zusammenfassend zuletzt Mayer 2001; ferner Heinz 1991). Das Ehe-und Scheidungsrecht, die Sozialhilfegesetzgebung, die Rentenversicherung, das Erbrecht, das Steuerrecht beeinflussen nicht nur die Lebensverlaufe von Individuen und Paaren, sie geben auch die Regeln vor, nach denen gelebte Lebensverlaufe bilanziert werden.

Ist die Armutsbevölkerung in Deutschland exkludiert

Die Art und Weise der offentlichen und politischen Thematisierung von Armut, die Armutsbilder und die vorrangigen Masnahmen zur Bekampfung von Armut in Deutschland haben sich seit den 1950er Jahren stark gewandelt. Schon in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren hauften sich die Hinweise, dass Armut in Deutschland keineswegs nur ein Randproblem ist und nicht zuletzt im Gefolge der Massenarbeitslosigkeit an Bedeutung zugenommen hatte. Auf der politischen Agenda herrschte allerdings bis Ende der 1990er Jahre die Tendenz vor, Armut als soziales Problem herunterzuspielen oder zu verdrangen. Erst mit der Vorlage des ersten Armuts- und Reichtumsberichts der Bundesregierung im Jahre 2001 wurden die Existenz und die Zunahme von Armut in Deutschland gewissermasen amtlich anerkannt.

The Golden-Age Nation State and its Transformation: A Framework for Analysis

The citizens of the Western world are accustomed to looking to the state as the most important source of political authority. The state is both loved and feared; it is the institution to which demands are addressed and which is blamed if something goes wrong. It exercises enormous powers, but is also charged with considerable responsibilities — guaranteeing the physical security of its citizens, providing them with the institutional means to protect their rights and to make their interests count in the political process, and even taking care of their social welfare.