Stoja Jotanović

Disposal of Animal Waste as a Risk Factor in the Spread of Zoonotic Pathogens

The aim of this study is to give an overview of the production and management of animal waste in the Republic of Serbia, and to emphasize the importance of this issue and its proper solution. Disposal of animal waste is a significant prophylactic measure, aimed at detecting, preventing, suppressing and eradicating infectious and parasitic diseases in humans and animals. The process of animal waste disposal starts from the manufacturer, who is responsible for ensuring safe storage of waste in a cooling unit, until its final removal in the processing plant. Disposal of animal waste must be done in a safe way otherwise dangerous pathogens can be spread by water, air and soil and can endanger the health of the population. In the European Union, and the Republic of Serbia accordingly, the legislation was introduced regulating the ways of managing animal waste, categorizing hazardous waste and ways to its secure resolving, with member states obliged to respect and apply the methods of safe handling of by-products of animal origin.

Ovulation Rate in Gilts Treated with Different Hormone Protocols

In this study different hormonal protocols were used, in order to determine their effectiveness in ovulation value rated postmortem by the inspection of the ovaries of treated gilts. The total of 48 prepubertal Swedish Landrace gilts were used in the study, aged 150 to 160 days, 30 sexually mature gilts, aged 180 to 210 days, with a pre-established one spontaneous estrus (first pubertal), 30 gilts aged 210 to 240 days, with a determined two spontaneous (first and second pubertal) estrus, and 40 long-term anestric gilts, aged 280 to 290 days. The following hormone protocols were conducted: 400 I.U. eCG - one-time; 750 I.U. ECG - one time; 1000 IU eCG- one-time; 1500 IU eCG- one-time; 250 ηg PGF2α- one time; 20 mg Altrenogest and the combination of 20 mg Altrenogest and 1,000 I.U. eCG at the end of treatment with altrenogest. An overview of the reproductive organs of slaughtered gilts was carried out in the Laboratory for Reproduction of Domestic Animals at the Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad. It was found that the ovulation value of the treated gilts depends primarily on the dose of ECG and reproductive status of gilts at the moment of initiation of hormone treatment.

Neki biohemijski parametri krvi krmača prvopraskinja u laktaciji

Cilj rada bio je da se ispitaju vrijednosti odabranih biohemijskih parametara krvi krmaca u laktaciji. Istraživanjem je obuhvacena ukupno 21 krmaca prvopraskinja komercijalnog hibrida sa farme industrijskog tipa. Sve ispitane krmace držane su u uobicajenim farmskim uslovima i hranjene obrocima prilagođenim proizvodnoj kategoriji i broju prasadi u leglu. Uzorci krvi uzeti su punkcijom v. cava cranialis , na pocetku i kraju laktacije (drugi i 28. Dan nakon prasenja). U uzetim uzorcima određene su koncentracije ukupnih proteina, albumina, globulina, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma i fosfora. Koncentracije ukupnih proteina, albumina, globulina i fosfora imale su trend opadanja od pocetka prema kraju laktacije (88.24±3.93 naprema 83.53±2.56, 41.95±2.13 naprema 38.68±1.56 i 46.33±2.35 naprema 44.79±1.89 g/L, odnosno 3.27±0.25 naprema 2.94±0.22 mmol/L), dok je kod kalcemije i bilirubinemije ustanovljen suprotan trend (2.88±0.10 naprema 2.99±0.13 mmol/L, odnosno 4.75±0.77 naprema 6.81±1.01 µmol/L). Između ispitanih parametara nisu ustanovljene statisticki znacajne razlike u navedenim terminima uzorkovanja. Dobijeni rezultati mogu ukazivati na pojacan katabolizam proteina krvi i djelimicno narusavanje funkcionalnog kapaciteta jetre, najvjerovatnije zbog aktivacije homeoretskih mehanizama podrske laktaciji. Ovakvo stanje se, zajedno sa smanjenjem koncentracije fosfora, može nepovoljno odraziti na uspostavljanje postpartalne ovarijalne aktivnosti i trajanje intervala zalucenje-estrus.

Reproductive Performances of Holstein Cows with Different Milk Fat to Protein Ratio during Successive Stages of Lactation

Aim of study was to determine relationship between the energy status of cows, expressed through different milk fat to protein ratio values (FPR 1.3), and their reproductive performances (interval from calving to first artificial insemination; calving to conception interval; insemination index; pregnancy duration; intercalving interval) during succesive stages of lactation (day 15 th to 45 th ; day 46 th -75 th ; day 76 th -105 th ; day 106 th to 135 th of lactation). The study included a total of 350 fresh calved Holstein cows (121 primiparous, 115 secundiparous and 114 cows which calved three or more times), kept and fed in usual farm conditions. Milk samples were taken during morning milking, and FPR value was calculated from concentrations of milk fat and protein for all milk samples. Reproductive parameters were calculated from farm data. Values of all reproductive parameters, except pregnancy duration, had generally increasing trend in all groups during successive stages of lactation. During successive stages of lactation, cows with optimal FPR values had generally better reproductive performances, compared to cows with increased or decreased FPR values, which indicates importance of FPR monitoring during early lactation for timely detection of cows predisposed for poor reproductive results.

Blood biochemical parameters of simmental cows in different phases of reproductive cycle

This paper presents the values of blood biochemical parameters of Simmental cows (n = 60), divided into five groups (dry cows, early puerperium, late puerperium, the fifth month of lactation, and cows with an extended service period). The ration for lactating cows contained an insufficient amount of dry matter, a third less than the lower limit of their requirements. In all examined groups of cows, a strong protein deficiency and excess calcium was found in the diet. Total protein concentration in all groups of cows were on the upper physiological limit, and the concentrations of bilirubin, carotene, vitamin A and total lipids were within the normal range. Low concentrations of urea in the third, fourth and fifth group of cows (3.1±0.39 mmol/l, 2.9±0.38 mmol/l and 3.3±0.43 mmol/l, respectively) indicate the imbalance of protein and energy in the diet. The presence of an energy deficit is also indicated by the low blood glucose in all groups of cows, especially the second and fifth groups of cows (2.2±0.04 mmol/l and 2.3±0.07 mmol/l, respectively). The unfavorable ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the diet resulted in the narrowing of the calcium:phosporus ratio in blood serum, which is particularly evident in cows with an extended service period (2.1±0.07 mmol/l compared to 1.9± 0.11 mmol/l). Based on these results,we conclude that the tested herd exhibits subclinical health disorders, caused by an inadequate diet and with adverse effects on the productive and reproductive parameters.