Sukru Kirkan

Comparison of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolated from Rainbow Trout Fry

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in the west Aegean region of Turkey and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of F. psychrophilum (isolated from the fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) to seven antimicrobial agents, as determined by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. A total of 250 rainbow trout fry (weight = 2-5 g; total length = 3-6 cm) were examined, and 20 bacterial isolates were phenotypically identified. Antimicrobial agents included in this investigation were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), erythromycin (E), enrofloxacin (ENR), florfenicol (FFC), gentamicin (CN), oxytetracycline (OT), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT). Disk diffusion and agar dilution methods were performed according to published standards. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were determined using the agar dilution method for F. psychrophilum isolates. Resistance of F. psychrophilum to CN (disk diffusion method: 70%; agar dilution method: 95%), E (65%; 100%), and SXT (75%; 100%) was high using both methods. Resistance to ENR (10%; 15%) and FFC (25%; 25%) was low with both methods; MIC90 (minimum concentration required to inhibit bacterial growth by 90%) was 4 microg/mL for ENR and 16 microg/mL for FFC. Ninety percent of the F. psychrophilum isolates were resistant to AMC based on the disk diffusion method, while only 15% of isolates showed resistance based on the agar dilution method. For OT, 20% of isolates were resistant based on disk diffusion, while 75% exhibited resistance based on agar dilution. The importance of susceptibility testing when facing an outbreak of F. psychrophilum at a fish farm is obvious; however, the discrepancies between testing methods for AMC and OT require further studies.

Detection of Candida species by nested PCR method in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. One-humped camels are found in the western side of the Aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. The aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the PCR method. In this study, specific primers for DNA topoisomerase II gene sequences were used. As a result, a systemic fungal infection was detected by the nested PCR method from 10 (20%) out of 50 DNA samples taken from camels located on the western side of the Aegean region. In this study, 3 (30%) samples were identified as Candida albicans, 3 (30%) samples were identified as C. glabrata, and 4 (40%) samples were identified as C. parapsilosis. In conclusion, the 20% positive systemic fungal infection rate in one-humped camels observed in the present study showed that the systemic fungal infections are not taken into considerations in veterinary medicine. Further studies are suggested in order to obtain and to maintain extensive data for systemic fungal diseases in our country for one-humped camels.

Molecular identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep

Caseous lymphadenitis is still a serious zoonotic problem in Turkey. Sheep suffer from the disease with yield loss in wool and meat production. Moreover, with inexperienced laboratory staff, biochemical identification may go unrevealed. The scope of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep by PCR. The sampling was conducted via collecting lymph fluids from the lymph node internal pouch wall of 100 sheep that were examined for the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Molecular identification of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates was carried out by establishing the presence of the proline iminopeptidase gene. All isolates were confirmed to be Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction procedure conducted in this research was observed to be reliable and fast, and could be utilized for confirmation of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep as an optional technique to timeconsuming biochemical identification methods. Pleomorphic bacteria, caseous lymphadenitis, proline iminopeptidase, PCR Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a bacterial disease that causes considerable economic loss in sheep and goat industries (loss of skin and carcass value, loss of weight, loss of reproductive activity, and reduced milk yield) in many countries around the world (Guimaraes et al. 2011). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular actinomycete that causes chronic bacterial disease in sheep, goats, and other warm-blooded animals with caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) (Dorella et al. 2006). Pleomorphism in fresh C. pseudotuberculosis cultures is like that of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and other bacterial species, in terms of microscopic morphology. However, metachromatic granules are better detected using the staining methods of Neisser and Albert (Ilhan 2001). Colonies are easily broken down and dispersed on agar, but are less dispersed in liquid medium (Paracikoglu and Aydin 2006). Laboratory diagnosis is usually achieved through confirmation using bacterial cultures and by biochemical, serological and nucleic acid-based detection methods (Baird and Fontaine 2007; Guimaraes et al. 2011). The microorganism continues to multiply in host cells after being taken up by macrophages, which are disrupted and the microorganism is released thereafter. Released microorganisms are subsequently taken up by other circulating phagocytic cells and the cycle is repeated. This repeated phagocytosis cycle has been reported to cause recurrent lesions in C. pseudotuberculosis infections in sheep (Yeruham et al. 1997). In this study, the presence of C. pseudotuberculosis was identified in suspected cases of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, using bacteriological cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in the Aydin Province of Turkey. ACTA VET. BRNO 2018, 87: 3-8; https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201887010003 Address for correspondence: Dr.Ugur Parin Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Adnan Menderes, 09016 Turkey Phone:+90 533 418 40 78 E-mail: uparin@adu.edu.tr http://actavet.vfu.cz/ Materials and Methods