Uğur Parin

A quantitative study on the digital bones of cattle.

The bones of 64 digits from eight Holstein male cattle were studied quantitatively to determine whether any differences existed respective on the corresponding bones of the different digits. For this purpose, the greatest and abaxial greatest lengths, the smallest diaphysial breadths, the breadths of proximal and distal ends of the proximal and middle phalanges, the lengths of dorsal surfaces, the heights of extensor processes, the greatest diagonal lengths and the middle breadths of the soles from the distal phalanges were measured. Comparison showed that measurements between the right and left sides did not differ significantly. However, differences were found for almost all measurements between the forelimb and hindlimb. The proximal and middle phalanges were found to be shorter and broader in the forelimb and the broadness was more noticeable than the length. The distal phalanx of the medial forefoot had the greatest value in four measurements while the smallest values were found in the lateral hind foot. The results indicated that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from both phylogenetic and clinical aspects.

Detection of Candida species by nested PCR method in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. One-humped camels are found in the western side of the Aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. The aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the PCR method. In this study, specific primers for DNA topoisomerase II gene sequences were used. As a result, a systemic fungal infection was detected by the nested PCR method from 10 (20%) out of 50 DNA samples taken from camels located on the western side of the Aegean region. In this study, 3 (30%) samples were identified as Candida albicans, 3 (30%) samples were identified as C. glabrata, and 4 (40%) samples were identified as C. parapsilosis. In conclusion, the 20% positive systemic fungal infection rate in one-humped camels observed in the present study showed that the systemic fungal infections are not taken into considerations in veterinary medicine. Further studies are suggested in order to obtain and to maintain extensive data for systemic fungal diseases in our country for one-humped camels.

Molecular identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep

Caseous lymphadenitis is still a serious zoonotic problem in Turkey. Sheep suffer from the disease with yield loss in wool and meat production. Moreover, with inexperienced laboratory staff, biochemical identification may go unrevealed. The scope of this study was to demonstrate the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep by PCR. The sampling was conducted via collecting lymph fluids from the lymph node internal pouch wall of 100 sheep that were examined for the presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Molecular identification of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates was carried out by establishing the presence of the proline iminopeptidase gene. All isolates were confirmed to be Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction procedure conducted in this research was observed to be reliable and fast, and could be utilized for confirmation of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep as an optional technique to timeconsuming biochemical identification methods. Pleomorphic bacteria, caseous lymphadenitis, proline iminopeptidase, PCR Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a bacterial disease that causes considerable economic loss in sheep and goat industries (loss of skin and carcass value, loss of weight, loss of reproductive activity, and reduced milk yield) in many countries around the world (Guimaraes et al. 2011). Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular actinomycete that causes chronic bacterial disease in sheep, goats, and other warm-blooded animals with caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) (Dorella et al. 2006). Pleomorphism in fresh C. pseudotuberculosis cultures is like that of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and other bacterial species, in terms of microscopic morphology. However, metachromatic granules are better detected using the staining methods of Neisser and Albert (Ilhan 2001). Colonies are easily broken down and dispersed on agar, but are less dispersed in liquid medium (Paracikoglu and Aydin 2006). Laboratory diagnosis is usually achieved through confirmation using bacterial cultures and by biochemical, serological and nucleic acid-based detection methods (Baird and Fontaine 2007; Guimaraes et al. 2011). The microorganism continues to multiply in host cells after being taken up by macrophages, which are disrupted and the microorganism is released thereafter. Released microorganisms are subsequently taken up by other circulating phagocytic cells and the cycle is repeated. This repeated phagocytosis cycle has been reported to cause recurrent lesions in C. pseudotuberculosis infections in sheep (Yeruham et al. 1997). In this study, the presence of C. pseudotuberculosis was identified in suspected cases of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, using bacteriological cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in the Aydin Province of Turkey. ACTA VET. BRNO 2018, 87: 3-8; https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201887010003 Address for correspondence: Dr.Ugur Parin Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Adnan Menderes, 09016 Turkey Phone:+90 533 418 40 78 E-mail: uparin@adu.edu.tr http://actavet.vfu.cz/ Materials and Methods

Bacterial Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock Animals

Bacterial tick-borne diseases (BTBDs) are very significant in practical one health medicine. In contrast to the restrictions related to diagnostic and clinical application, the control and prevention of bacterial tick-borne diseases are difficult because they require the disruption of a complicated transmission chain, involving vertebrate hosts and ticks, which interact in a constantly changing environment. Q fever, rickettsiosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis and tularemia are BTBDs, which are discussed in this chapter. Epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and prevention subtopics are planning to be prepared under main topics. This chapter presents a brief background of key livestock BTBDs and ticks and reviews the general aspects of BTBDs to identify topics in knowledge and understanding of these diseases, propose areas for future research and draw attention to the need for improved tools for the diagnosis and control of BTBDs.

Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Mastitis Bovine Milk

Abstract In this study, determination of enterococcus species that were isolated from mastitic milk samples, investigation of their susceptibilities to antibiotics and identification of the existence of resistance genes in resistant strains were conducted. The specimens consist of 600 mastitic milk samples that were collected from 242 cows. Isolation of enterococcus was carried out in selective media and 94 (15.6%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. A total of 94 species of Enterococci were identified using both sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterococcus spp. isolates belong to 5 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae, E. mundtii) in sequence analysis and 4 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae) were identify by PCR method with specific primers. Analyzing 94 enterococcus strains by antibiotic sensitiveness test a high rate of resistance to tetracycline in 77 (81.9%) isolates was shown. The tet resistance genes were identified as follows: 54 were tetM positive, 23 were tetK positive and 17 were positive on tetM and tetK. Resistance to erythromycin was established in 27 (28.7%) isolates (25 ermB) while the chloramphenicol resistance gene was found in 10 (10.7%) of isolates and the cat gene was identified in nine samples and one isolate was resistant to vancomycin (1.06%) with the VanA gene confirmed. In conclusion, it was shown that E. faecalis has the biggest role in enterococcus originated mastitis and these strains were found to be mostly resistant to tetracycline. One vancomycine resistant isolate that had the VanA gene was also determined.