Susan Deans-Smith

The Many Meanings of Poverty. Colonialism, Social Compacts, and Assistance in Eighteenth-Century Ecuador

countryside. It is, however, not so much the obligations imposed from above as the initiatives undertaken from below that command Frohman’s attention. It bears emphasis that, although the national (or central) state played a vital role in the provision of social services, its position, Frohman argues, must be embedded within a framework in which other agents of change also fulfilled crucial functions. Frohman insists that at every stage of the development he surveys major initiatives emanated from the ranks of local government officials and members of voluntary associations. This was the case not only during the period that preceded the ascendancy of assistantial programmes, but also during the rise of the ‘welfare state’ itself. To buttress his point, he analyses a wide range of programmes, including the development of what came to be known as ‘social work’, municipal efforts to combat joblessness through labour exchanges and labour colonies, and voluntary and municipal efforts to provide guidance and help for delinquent children and youths. To be sure, in his treatment of the years 1914–18, Frohman directs our attention to separation allowances for women whose husbands had been conscripted or killed. On the whole, however, he makes every effort to avoid producing a state-centred analysis. Making frequent use of the term ‘civil society’, he writes, rightly, that ‘any narrative that tends to reduce the welfare state to social insurance or to ascribe its growth primarily to the agency of the central state will produce a foreshortened, distorted account’ (142). It is the great merit of his narrative that it offers a full and variegated account – one that provides a context in which other scholars can situate their studies of more specialized topics within the broad area of social welfare history, whether in Germany or elsewhere. Andrew Lees Rutgers University-Camden a 2009, Andrew Lees

Nature and Scientific Knowledge in the Spanish Empire Introduction

Originally presented at the ‘Visualizing Colonial Nature: Science in the Spanish Americas’ panel for the History of Science Society in 2002, these three essays represent an emerging scholarship among anglophone historians in the history of science of Ibero-America. All three authors emphasize the need for a more sustained dialogue between the fields of colonial science and Latin American history, and their essays exemplify, to varying degrees, the influence of recent trends in the history of science. Significant in these trends is the increased attention to colonial science which has resulted in challenges to assumptions about dependency on European scientific ‘centers’ and critiques of simple diffusionist models of scientific knowledge and practice. Eurocentric narratives of the history of Western science that have marginalized Ibero-America from such narratives have also come under significant attack. Pimentel observed recently that transformations in the history of science render traditional (read negative) assessments of Spain and Portugal and its empires as peripheral to the development of scientific cultures untenable, and that ‘beyond the commonplaces and stereotypes forged over time, the Iberian colonial world possessed a scientific dimension that deserves a fresh look’ (2000, 18). Moreover, although there has been a long-standing recognition of the relationship between the advance of science and Western expansion, only recently have historians of science begun to reassess ‘Western science as a means of social control or cultural suppression’ and its deep complicity in colonialism and imperialism (MacLeod 2000, 3). Finally, a shift toward a social history of science, especially for the early modern period, has resulted in a rethinking of who or what constitutes an appropriate subject of study for historians of science. As Kaufmann asserts, ‘Networks, exchanges, and extraneous objects are . . . the topics for history of science, as for one of art, rather than scientists, systems, or for that matter masterpieces’ (2002, 415).

Pintura de los reinos. Identidades compartidas en el mundo hispánico. Miradas varias, siglos XVI–XIX

Pintura de los reinos is a collection of essays generated from conferences that accompanied the exhibition Pintura de los Reinos in Madrid in the Museo del Prado and the Palacio Real in 2010–2011 a...

Of Treasures and Revelations: Mobility and the Multiple Lives of the Exhibition ‘The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820.’ A Conversation with the Curators

Between September 2006 and October 2007 the exhibition ‘The Arts in Latin America, 1492 1820’ began its journey at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, traveled to the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City, and then on to its final venue at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Unprecedented in its pan-American focus and scope and scale, the exhibition brought together paintings, sculptures, textiles, silverwork, and decorative arts, many never seen before outside of their original locations, from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Joseph J. Rishel, the Gisela and Dennis Alter Senior Curator of European Painting before 1900 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, with Suzanne StrattonPruitt curated ‘Tesoros/Treasures/Tesouros: The Arts in Latin America, 1492 1820’ (20 September 31 December 2006) (Rishel and Stratton-Pruitt 2006). In Mexico, ‘Revelaciones: Las artes en América Latina, 1492 1820’ (6 February 24 June 2007) was curated by Clara Bargellini, professor of Art History and a senior research scholar at the Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in Mexico City with Ery Cámara of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, an artist, art critic, and a leading specialist in Museology in Mexico (Rishel and StrattonPruitt 2007). At the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Ilona Katzew, curator of Latin American Art and a specialist in Spanish colonial, modern and contemporary Latin American art, curated ‘The Arts in Latin America, 1492 1820’ (6 August 28 October 2007). In conjunction with the exhibition at LACMA, Joseph

REMAPPING SPANISH IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM, AND POST-COLONIALISM: THE CASE OF CUZCO, PERU

Colonial habits: convents and the spritual economy of Cuzco, Peru. By Kathryn Burns. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xi+307. ISBN 0-8223-2291-9. Inka bodies and the body of Christ: Corpus Christi in colonial Cuzco, Peru . By Carolyn Dean. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv+264. ISBN 0-8223-2367-2. The world of Tupac Amaru: conflict, community, and identity in colonial Peru. By Ward Stavig. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Pp. xxxiv+348. ISBN 0-8032-9255-4. Smouldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840. By Charles F. Walker. Durham and London, Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii+330. ISBN 0-8223-2293-5.

Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance: A Case of Transatlantic Bigamy

Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance uncovers from history the fascinating and strange story of Spanish explorer Francisco Noguerol de Ulloa. in 1556, accompanied by his second wife, Francisco returned to his home in Spain after a profitable twenty-year sojourn in the new world of Peru. However, unlike most other rich conquistadores who returned to the land of their birth, Francisco was not allowed to settle into a life of leisure. Instead, he was charged with bigamy and illegal shipment of silver, was arrested and imprisoned. Francisco’s first wife (thought long dead) had filed suit in Spain against her renegade husband. So begins the labyrinthine legal tale and engrossing drama of an explorer and his two wives, skillfully reconstructed through the expert and original archival research of Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook. Drawing on the remarkable records from the trial, the narrative of Francisco’s adventures provides a window into daily life in sixteenth-century Spain, as well as the mentalite and experience of conquest and settlement of the New World. Told from the point of view of the conquerors, Francisco’s story reveals not only the lives of the middle class and minor nobility but also much about those at the lower rungs of the social order and relations between the sexes. In the tradition of Carlo Ginzberg’s The Cheese and the Worms and Natalie Zemon Davis’ The Return of Martin Guerre, Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance illuminates an historical period—the world of sixteenth-century Spain and Peru—through the wonderful and unusual story of one man and his two wives.

Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers. The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico

A government monopoly provides an excellent case study of state-society relationships. This is especially true of the tobacco monopoly in colonial Mexico, whose revenues in the later half of the eighteenth century were second only to the silver tithe as the most valuable source of government income. This comprehensive study of the tobacco monopoly illuminates many of the most important themes of eighteenth-century Mexican social and economic history, from issues of economic growth and the supply of agricultural credit to rural relations, labor markets, urban protest and urban workers, class formation, work discipline, and late colonial political culture. Drawing on exhaustive research of previously unused archival sources, Susan Deans-Smith examines a wide range of new questions. Who were the bureaucrats who managed this colonial state enterprise and what policies did they adopt to develop it? How profitable were the tobacco manufactories, and how rational was their organization? What impact did the reorganization of the tobacco trade have upon those people it affected most--the tobacco planters and tobacco workers? This research uncovers much that was not previously known about the Bourbon governments management of the tobacco monopoly and the problems and limitations it faced. Deans-Smith finds that there was as much continuity as change after the monopolys establishment, and that the popular response was characterized by accommodation, as well as defiance and resistance. She argues that the problems experienced by the monopoly at the beginning of the nineteenth century did not originate from any simmering, entrenched opposition. Rather, an emphasis upon political stabilityand short-term profits prevented any innovative reforms that might have improved the monopolys long-term performance and productivity. With detailed quantitative data and rare material on the urban working poor of colonial Mexico, Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers will be important reading for all students of social, economic, and labor history, especially of Mexico and Latin America.