Sutiman Bambang Sumitro

Incretin effect of Urena lobata leaves extract on structure and function of rats islet β-cells

This study aims to determine the incretin effects of Urena lobata leaves extract on the structure and function of rats islet β-cells. This study utilizes male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 2 control group and 3 test group (n = 5). Diabetic rats were induced with High Fructose Diet (HFD) and single dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin 25 mg/kg bw. Aqueous leaves extract of U. lobata was prepared by decoction methods and administrated orally with doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bw for 4 weeks then incretin effect was evaluated by measuring serum GLP-1, insulin, and blood glucose levels. Histology of islet β-cells was evaluated using photomicroscopy by analyzing size, shape, and number. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by LSD test and p ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. Oral administration of aqueous extract U. lobata leaves at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight were able to prolong GLP-1 bioavailability by 3-fold, 5-fold, and 7-fold respectively when compared to the diabetic group whereas blood glucose level were decreased about 30%, 35%, and 40% respectively (p < 0.05). Extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw also increased insulin level by 4-fold and 8-fold respectively compared to the diabetic group and the islet β-cells were repaired. The active compound in U. lobata leaves extract are suggested to prevent degradation of GLP-1 by inhibition of DPP-4 activity. Aqueous extract of U. lobata also improved the structure and function of islet β-cells by increasing of GLP-1 bioavailability.

Hypoxia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic multipotent stem cells with selfrenewal properties and ability to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues. This chapter overviews effects of hypoxia on MSCs, makes it promising therapy to various diseases. Cultivation of MSCs under hypoxic condition results in variety of outcome that is important to be noted in clinical use. In most studies, hypoxic condition appears to increase proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulatory performance of MSCs without affecting its characteristic. Those benefits are therefore utilized in clinical application. However, there are also studies that report on negative effects of hypoxia in MSCs such as chromosomal instability. Molecular mechanism of MSCs in hypoxic condition is provided for better understanding, which is crucial for further development with better outcome.

10-Gingerol as an inducer of apoptosis through HTR1A in cumulus cells: In-vitro and in-silico studies

Objectives Cumulus cells play a crucial role as essential mediators in the maturation of ova. Ginger contains 10-gingerol, which induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Based on this hypothesis, this study aimed to determine whether 10-gingerol is able to induce apoptosis in normal cells, namely, cumulus cells. Methods This study used an in vitro analysis by culturing Cumulus cells in M199 containing 10-gingerol in various concentrations (12, 16, and 20 μM) and later detected early apoptotic activity using an Annexin V-FITC detection kit. Result The in vitro data revealed that the number of apoptosis cells increased along with the period of incubation as follows: 12 μM (63.71% ± 2.192%); 16 μM (74.51% ± 4.596%); and 20 μM (78.795% ± 1.435%). The substance 10-gingerol induces apoptosis in cumulus cells by inhibiting HTR1A functions and inactivating GSK3B and AKT-1. Conclusions These findings indicate that further examination is warranted for 10-gingerol as a contraception agent.

EMSA Eritin Drives Expansion of Regulatory T Cells and Promotes T Cells Differentiation in Irradiated Mice

Sublethal irradiation therapy in cancer treatment causes generalized immunosuppression, which results in a range of DNA damage. We examined the significance of a polyherbal medicine called “EMSA Eritin” on immunological responses in sublethally irradiated mice focusing on the involvement of Treg, naïve T cell, and also the development and differentiation of T cells in thymus. Normal BALB/c mice were sublethally irradiated with dose of 600 rad. The irradiated mice were then orally administered by EMSA Eritin once a day at different doses: 1.04, 3.12, 9.37 mg/g body weight. The treatment was performed for 14 days. On day 15, immunological responses were observed by analyzing the status of Treg and differentiation of T cells in thymus. The administration of EMSA Eritin to irradiated mice resulted in a significant increase of pre T cells, Treg cells, and naïve T cells, which in general could maintain and normalize healthy condition in mice.

Preservation Effect of Crude Fig Fruit Filtrate (Ficus carica L) Added In to Tris Egg Yolk Based Extender on Capacitating, Acrosome and Fertility of Half Blood Boer Buck Spermatozoa

This research was conducted to know the effect of additional crude filtratet of fig fruit (CF3) into tris egg yolk (TEY) based extender on sperm progressively motile, plasma membrane integrity, incapacitation, intact acrosome and fertility of half blooded Boer buck liquid semen. Ten ejaculates were collected by artificial vagina every four days. The collected semen was divided into four aliquots in accordance to the treatments extender (0%, 4%, 5% and % CF3 in TEY based extender, v/v, respectively). The overall percentage of progressively motile sperm were significantly higher (P<0.05) in TEY + 6% CF3 as compared to control and 4% CF3 but was not significantly different as compared to 5% CF3. The overall percentages of sperm with intact plasma membrane was significantly higher (P<0.05) in TEY based extender + 6% CF3 as compared to the control, 4% and 5% CF3. The percentage difference between the incapacitated spermatozoa were significantly higher (P<0.05) for both in 5% and 6% CF3 since 0 to 96 hours stored at 5°C as compared to control and 4%. The difference between the overall mean percentages of spermatozoa with intact acrosome in TEY based extender incorporated with 5% and 6% CF3 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control and 4% CF3. Pregnancy rates to AI using only preserved semen at 5°C for 96 hours, extended in TEY based extender + 6% CF3 was 44.68%. It is concluded that additional CF3 into TEY based extender increased preservation ability of extender in liquid form of buck semen up to 96 hours at 5°C in TEY + 6% CF3.

The Spreading Of Spodoptera litura Multiple Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus in Midgut of Third Instar of Spodoptera Litura Larvae

Analyses on the spreading of SpltMNPV (Spodoptera litura Multiple Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus) multiplied in midgut epithelium cell of in third instar of S. litura larvae has been done through histological studies. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of SpltMNPV in S. litura larvae. The third instars of S. litura larvae that had been infected with SpltMNPV were incubated for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Afterwards, the infected S. litura larvae were cut crosswise in the anterior, middle, and posterior of the midguts. The crosswise cuts at the midguts were fixed using Gilson solution, executed under the paraffin method, and cut as thick as of 4 µm, and then stained with Hematoxylin and eosin. The results of this study indicate that SpltMNPV (PIB, Polyhedral inclusion bodies) have infected various organs of the S. litura larvae, i.e. lumen, peritrophic membrane, midgut epithelial layers, trachea, blood vessels, malpigian tubules, muscle cells and adipocyte. The only organ which is not infected by SpltMNPV is the cuticle. Keyword: SpltMNPV, midgut epithelial cells, and Spodoptera litura

Genetic relationship of Sardinella lemuru from lombok strait with fish rich in omega-3 fatty acid

Lombok Strait has abundance of Sardine, Sardinella lemuru, which contains such high amount of omega-3 fatty acid (omega-3). However, the genetic relationship of S. lemuru with other commercial fish rich in omega-3 has not been widely studied yet. Studies on genetic proximity of S. lemuru with the other marine fish using 12S rRNA gene is very important in order to obtain genetic information of the Sardine to develop an appropriate strategy for future conservation of the fish in Lombok Strait. The aim of this study was to find out the genetic relationship of Sardinella lemuru living in Lombok Strait with the economically valuable fish and its correlation with omega-3 production. Sardinella lemuru were collected from Lombok Strait, the phylogenetic tree was done based on 12S rRNA gene through a neighbor-joining method to identify the relationship of Sardines and fish rich in omega-3 fatty acid. The phylogenetic tree showed that Sardinella lemuru is similar to Sardinella aurita and has a close similarity with Sardinella maderensis. However, the relationship did not correspond to omega-3 production. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that the production of omega-3 is not specifically based on the proximity of the species, but it is more associated with conserved domain of Δ6-desaturase. Nevertheless, detailed mechanisms still need to be elucidated.