Wahyu Widowati

Chemical constituents of Piper aduncum and their inhibitory effects on soluble epoxide hydrolase and tyrosinase

A new compound, 2(S)-isobutanol 2-O-β-d-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), along with ten known compounds (2–11) were isolated from Piper aduncum L. leaves. The effects of these compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase and tyrosinase inhibition were evaluated. Among them, compounds 3, 8, and 9 exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 39.3 ± 1.8, 41.3 ± 2.2, and 37.5 ± 2.7 µM, respectively. However, the effects of isolated compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition were weak or absent, and compounds 4 and 11 showed the highest inhibitory activity with values of 61.2 ± 4.3 and 60.6 ± 3.7 % at a concentration of 100 μM.

Cinnamomum burmanini Blume increases bone turnover marker and induces tibia's granule formation in ovariectomized rats

Background Bone fragility and an increase in susceptibility to fracture osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and the micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. There is no previous study regarding the effect of Cinnamomum burmanini Blume on osteoporosis. Objective This study was aimed to investigate the effect of C. burmanini Blume on bone turnover marker, mineral elements, and mesostructure of ovariectomized rats. Materials and methods Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a control group (sham surgery), ovariectomy group (OVX), and ovariectomy groups in the presence of ethanolic extract of C. burmanini Blume (EECB) at doses of 12.5; 25; 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). Analysis of serum C-telopeptide collagen type I (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC) were done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tibia mineral elements and mesostructure were analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy, respectively. In silico study was performed by modeling protein structure using SWISS-MODEL server and Ramachandran plot analysis. Results The increase in OC and CTX were significantly attenuated by treatments of EECB. Ovariectomy significantly decreased Cu/Zn ratio compared to sham-operated rats (p < 0.05). Mesostructure of ovariectomized rats was significantly different compared with the control group. Conclusion Cinnamon was able to normalize bone turnover markers, but, the mesostructure of hydroxyapatite crystal growth was achieved at the highest dose extract. In silico study showed that the active compound of EECB could not only support osteoclastogenesis process by decreasing the binding energy between RANKL and RANK, but also by inhibiting the interaction between OPG and RANK.

Ex vivo study of garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen) peel extract and xanthones as anti-adipogenesis in HepG2 cell model

Background: Anti-adipogenesis is one of proposed mechanism for anti-obesity. Adipogenesis regulation of obesity is important, so identification of anti-adipogenic activity is a potential strategy to find anti-obesity agent. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-adipogenesis potential of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE) compared to xanthones in HepG2 cells line as model. Material and Methods: GMPE was performed based on maceration method using distilated ethanol 70% as the solvent. The level of triglyceride and cholesterol and the inhibitory activity of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) in HepG2 cells were assayed and determined as the anti-adipogenesis parameter. Results: The most active subtance to lower the triglyceride level was showed by GMPE in every concentration followed by the garcinone-C, γ-mangostin, garcinone-D and α- mangostin respectivelly. The highest activity to decrease the cholesterol level was showed by GMPE and followed by γ-mangostin, α-mangostin, garcinone-c, garcinone-d respectively. Conclusion: GMPE posses the anti-adipogenesis potential in inhibiting TG and CHOL synthesis was better than any other xanthone (α- mangostin, γ-mangostin, garcinone-C and garcinone-D).

Hypoxia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic multipotent stem cells with selfrenewal properties and ability to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues. This chapter overviews effects of hypoxia on MSCs, makes it promising therapy to various diseases. Cultivation of MSCs under hypoxic condition results in variety of outcome that is important to be noted in clinical use. In most studies, hypoxic condition appears to increase proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulatory performance of MSCs without affecting its characteristic. Those benefits are therefore utilized in clinical application. However, there are also studies that report on negative effects of hypoxia in MSCs such as chromosomal instability. Molecular mechanism of MSCs in hypoxic condition is provided for better understanding, which is crucial for further development with better outcome.

In vitro assesment of anti-inflammatory activities of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line

Objective(s): Inflammation is an immune response toward injuries. Although inflammation is healing response, but in some condition it will lead to chronic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and various cancer. Indonesian cassia (Cinnamomum burmannil C. Nees & T. Ness) known to contain coumarin, is widely used for alternative medicine especially as an anti-inflammatory. This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract (ICE) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell line. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic assay of coumarin and ICE against RAW264.7 cells was conducted using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The anti-inflammatory potential was determined using LPS-induced RAW 267.4 macrophages cells to measure inhibitory activity of compound and ISEon production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and also cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNF-α. Results: Coumarin 10 µM and ICE 10 µg/ml were nontoxic to the RAW264.7 cells. Both of coumarin and ICE were capable to reduce the PGE2, TNF-α, NO, IL-6, and IL-β level in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Coumarin had higher activity to decrease PGE2 and TNF-α, whilst ICE had higher activity to inhibit NO, IL-6, and IL-β levels. Conclusion: Coumarin and ICE possess anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of PGE2 and NO along with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β production.

POTENCY OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTICHOLESTEROL AND PLATELET ANTIAGGREGATION OF BLACK TEA (Camelia sinensis )

Kendala dalam penyediaan benih adalah ketersediaan yang tepat waktu, tepat jum-lah, seragam dan sehat. Teknik kultur ja-ringan dapat memecahkan kendala terse-but tetapi biayanya cukup tinggi sehingga harga benih menjadi mahal 3-4 kali harga benih konvensional. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut pada tanaman nilam, dilakukan perbanyakan benih secara kultur jaringan dengan mensubstitusi bahan kimia yang harganya mahal dengan bahan-bahan al-ternatif yang mudah diperoleh seperti air kelapa dan sumber bahan organik lainnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium kultur jaringan, laboratorium Pengujian Balittro, Balai Besar Pasca Panen, dan ru-mah kaca Balittro sejak Mei 2009 sampai Oktober 2010. Penentuan harga pokok dan skala ekonomi dilakukan secara bertahap : (1) harga pokok zat pengatur tumbuh (zpt) alternatif, terdiri dari air kelapa, ekstrak to-mat, dan ekstrak tauge, (2) harga pokok tunas hasil induksi dari eksplan varietas Sidikalang dengan media Murashige dan Skoog (MS) ditambah zpt alternatif dan sumber vitamin substitusi dari air kelapa, tomat, tauge, dan wood vinegar masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 0 (kontrol), 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25%, (3) harga pokok multiplikasi tunas nilam dengan media ter-baik pada tahap induksi, (4) harga pokok tunas hasil multiplikasi media MS + air ke-lapa konsentrasi 10% dibandingkan de-ngan media dasar alternatif pupuk maje-muk dengan formulasi NPK 20-20-20 yaitu: (a) pupuk majemuk 0,5 1 g/l + air kelapa 10%, (b) pupuk majemuk 1 g/l + air kela-pa 10%, (c) pupuk majemuk 1,5 g/l + air kelapa 10%, (d) pupuk majemuk 2 g/l + air kelapa 10%, (e) MS + BA 0,5 mg/l, (f) MS + air kelapa 10%, (5) harga pokok ni-lam hasil aklimatisasi di rumah kaca de-ngan perlakuan beberapa jenis media : (a) tanah latosol (kontrol), (b) tanah lato-sol + kompos serasah tanaman (1:1), (c) tanah latosol + arang/sekam padi (1:1), (d) tanah latosol + cocopeat (1:1), (e) ta-nah latosol + kompos serasah tanaman + arang/sekam padi (1:1:1), (f) tanah lato-sol + kompos serasah tanaman + coco-peat (1:1:1), (g) tanah latosol + kompos serasah tanaman + arang/sekam padi + cocopeat (1:1:1:1), (6) harga pokok dan skala usaha nilam di dalam polybag ukur-an 10 x 15 cm dengan media tanam ta-nah + pupuk kandang (2:1). Penentuan harga pokok benih nilam dan skala usaha-nya, dilakukan dengan menganalisis input dan out-put kegiatan produksi benih ni-lam hasil kultur jaringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan harga pokok benih nilam skala laboratorium adalah Rp339 per tu-nas dengan media perbanyakan MS di-tambah zpt alternatif air kelapa konsen-trasi 10%, atau Rp796/polybag dengan titik impas/ break event point pada jumlah produksi 51.415 polybag benih per 3,5 bulan setelah aklimatisasi, setara dengan pendapatan sebesar Rp40.926.258.Potency of Medicinal and Aromatic Crop Extracts to control Golden Snail Research aimed to evaluate potency of some medicinal and aromatic plants as raw materials of molluscicides to control the golden snail has been done in the En-tomological Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia from February to October 2008. The study used factorial ith rando-mized block design basis. The first factor is three levels dipping time of 5, 10, and 20 hours. The second factor is 14 kinds of extracts to be tested i.e. extracts of clove, the crown of god, seraiwangi, turmeric, physic nut, pig nut, legundi, chili java, ba-badotan, brotowali, bitter, kenikir, noni, and rerak. Research initially conducted by dissolving 5% tween 80 in water. After that into the 1 l of solution is placed 5 g of extract to be tested so that the concen-tration of extract in the solution to be tested is 0.5%. After that the snails were put into the solution and were fed with ta-ro leaf ( Colocasia giganteum ). In the con-trol treatment the snail only be soaked in water containing 5% tween 80. Soaking performed for 5, 10, and 20 hours in glass jars 9 x 15 cm 2 diameter. After soaking snails then were transferred into the bottle containing clean water and then given a taro leaf size ~100 cm 2 as food. Each tre-atment used 10 snails and repeated 3 times. Observations were made at 1, 2, and 3 days after application of the golden snail mortality by counting the number of snails that died after treatment and of inhibition of eating by noting the eaten leaf area. The results showed that the clove, the crown of god, Cintronella oil, and tur-meric are the most effective extract with 100% mortality rate and percentage of >90% inhibition of eating. Among the plants tested, clove most prospective to be developed as a controlling golden snail due to its high yield and the most immediate cause of death of the snail test.Penelitian pengaruh penyakit budok yang disebabkan oleh jamur obligat parasit Synchytrium pogostemonis ter-hadap produksi tanaman nilam ( Pogos-temon cablin ) dilakukan di daerah en-demik penyakit budok di Nagari Situak, Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, Sumatera Barat sejak Maret 2008 sampai April 2009. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah varietas Sidikalang, berumur satu bulan ditanam dalam polibag di lapang dalam tiga kelompok. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 120 bibit dengan jarak tanam 0,8 x 1 m. Pe-ngamatan gejala serangan dilakukan setiap bulan dengan metode sensus. Intensitas serangan patogen penyakit dibagi menjadi lima kategori berdasar-kan nilai skoring yaitu tanaman sehat dan tanaman sakit yang terdiri dari gejala serangan ringan, sedang, berat dan sangat berat. Setelah tanaman berumur enam bulan, 15 rumpun un-tuk tiap kategori intensitas serangan dipilih dengan metode proposive sam-pling . Bahan tanaman untuk disuling diambil sebanyak 20 kg dari pada ma-sing-masing kategori intensitas serang-an penyakit. Penyulingan mengguna-kan sistim kukus selama 3 jam. Analisa kadar patchouli alcohol (PA) dilakukan di laboratorium Perusahaan Atsiri Lu-buk Minturun Padang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa serangan penyakit budok menurunkan produksi terna dan kadar minyak nilam, tetapi tidak menurunkan kualitas minyak yang di-hasilkan. Intensitas serangan penyakit budok ringan menyebabkan kehilang-an hasil produksi terna sebesar 16,74 %, intensitas serangan sedang 36,06 %, intensitas serangan berat 57,43% dan intensitas penyakit sangat berat sebesar 74,32%. Kehilangan produksi minyak pada intensitas serangan ri-ngan adalah 11,15%, intensitas se-rangan sedang 18,32%, intensitas se-rangan berat 35,50% dan intensitas serangan sangat berat sebesar 50,38 %. Hasil analisa PA pada berbagai tingkat intensitas penyakit budok ti-dak berbeda nyata. Kadar PA pada ta-naman sehat sebesar 32,84%, dan tanaman sakit berkisar antara 32,15-33,43%.

Inhibitory potential of ethanol extract of Detam 1 soybean (Glycine max) seed and Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia) leaves on adipogenesis and obesity models in 3T3-L1 cell line.

Background: Obesity is considered an emergency health problem through out the world and is characterized by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes in adipose tissue. Some phytochemical bioactive have been shown to inhibit adipocyte differentiation and induce adipocyte apoptosis. The Objective: In this ex vivo study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects, antiobesity and antidiapogenesis potential of ethanol extract of Detam 1 soybean seed (EEDS), Jati Belanda leaves (EEJB) and their combinations on 3T3-L1 cells. Experimental Approach: The cytotoxic effect of EEDS and EEJB were assayed using MTS assay. Triglyceride (TG) level and inhibitory activity were assayed using a TG assay kit. Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and inhibitory activity were determined by using G6PDH assay kit. The cholesterol level was measured according to the Chol Kit Randox protocol. Results: The lowest cytotoxic activity and safe substances on 3T3-L1 cell were EEDS and EEJB in 50 and 10 μg/ml of concentration. EEJB in the concentration of 50 μg/ml was the most active to inhibit G6PD, TG, and cholesterol activity with inhibition activities 47.30%, 37.93% and 73.91% respectively compared to the control (differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Detam 1 soybean seed and Jati Belanda leaves posses the inhibitory potential on G6PD, triglyceride and cholesterol activities in 3T3-L1 cell line and the most active compound showed by ethanol extract of Jati Belanda leaves.

Antioxidant and Anti-malarial Properties of Catechins

Aims: This research was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti malarial activities of various catechins including catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), catechin-gallate (CG), gallocatechingallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Study Design: The antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and anti-malarial activity was determined by In vitro assay against P. falciparum culture, antioxidant activity was analyzed using linear regression analysis, and was continued by determining Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC 50 ). The anti-malarial activity was analyzed by probit analysis and IC 50 determination.