T.R. Tomich

Degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca de forrageiras tropicais obtidas em diferentes épocas de corte

The ruminal degradability of 10 tropical forages at three cutting times (21, 42 and 63 days) incubated at 6, 24 and 96 hours using the in situ technique was estimated. The forages were: Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, Brachiaria brizantha (accesses 3401, 3413, 3451 CPAC), Cenchrus ciliaris (accesses 79119, 79146, 79148, 80199 and 81302 CPATSA) and Panicum maximum (3616 CPAC). The accesses of B. brizantha, P. maximum and A. gayanus cv Planaltina presented the highest dry matter degradability values and the accesses of C. ciliaris the lowest. For all forages, increased cutting age led to dry matter reduction. The accesses of B. brizantha 3413 and 3451 presented the best effective degradabilities.

Potencial forrageiro de cultivares de girassol produzidos na safrinha para ensilagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate some important agronomic traits for silage production of 12 hybrids and a variety of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) participant of the national assay of sunflower, in the agricultural year of 1996/97. The experiment was conducted from February to June 1997. The experimental procedure followed a randomized block design and the means values were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Significant differences among hybrids for fresh and dry matter productions, leaf, head and stem percentages, stems circumference close the head, broken plants percentage and height of the plants were observed. No significant differences among hybrids for stems circumference close the ground, diameter of the head and laying plants percentage were found. The agronomic traits indicated that some hybrids of sunflower present potential to be used for silage production in double-cropping system, or during the drought.

Características de fermentação da silagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com uréia, zeólita, inoculante bacteriano e inoculante bacteriano/enzimático

The characteristics of fermentation of sugarcane (RB72454) submitted to the treatments control; 0.5% urea; 0.5% zeolita; 0.5% urea and 0.5% zeolita; commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant were studied. The material stored in silos was opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of fermentation and was analysed for grades of MS, soluble carbohydrates, PB, NNH3/NT, pH, FDN, FDA, cellulosis, hemicellulosis, lignin and DIVMS. The reduction of the MS content of the silos was observed, with average of 21.1% compared to the original material (28.7%). The concentration of carbohydrates soluble on the original material was 19.7% and, after 56 days of fermentation, it was 0.92%. The concentration of PB in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant varied between 2.1% and 3.1% and in thoses that received urea and urea+zeolita was 8.4%. The grades of NNH3/NT were lower than 10% in the control silage and treated with zeolita, commercial bacterial inoculant and commercial bacterial/enzymatic inoculant. However, they were 30.4% and 31.1% in the silage with urea and urea+zeolita, respectively. On the first day of fermentation, the pH presented average of 3.75. After 56 days of fermentation, the concentration of FDN, FDA, cellulosis and hemicellulosis increased, presenting averages considering the treatments of 68.6%, 39.6%, 34.5% and 29.1%, respectively. The coefficient of DIVMS reduced with the fermentation, in all the evaluated treatments, being of 57.6% in the original material and averaging 47.6% in the silages.

Potencial forrageiro de híbridos de sorgo com capim-sudão

The objective of this study was to evaluated the forage potential of 23 experimental genotypes and two check cultivars (AG2501C and BRS800) obtained by crossing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Bicolor) with sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), managed in a cutting regime. The experimental procedure followed a completely randomized block design, including three replications per treatment and the mean values were compared by Scott-Knott test. Fifty seven days after sowing, the fresh matter production varied from 24.8 up to 37.8 t/ha, and dry matter production from 3.5 up to 5.8 t/ha, both results were not statistically different. It was observed great variation to leaf/stem ratio, and difference (P<0.05) among treatments. The height of the plants presented variation (P<0.05) among hybrids and was positively correlated (P<0.01) with the production characteristics. The productivity demonstrated the potential of these hybrids for forage production in central area of Brazil in the beginning of drought period. The significant difference in leaf/stem ratio could be used as a criterion for genotype selection.

Características químicas e digestibilidade in vitro de silagens de girassol

Silages of thirteen cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were evaluated for chemical characteristics and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The silages were produced when the plants presented above 90% of ripe grains. The experimental procedure followed a entirely randomized design and the mean values were compared by SNK test (P<.05). The smallest content of dry matter, 19.8%, was obtained for the hybrid M737, and the highest were observed for Contiflor 7, with 31.2%, and Cargill 11, with 32.2%. The pH values varied from 4.1 up to 5.5, and the contents of ammonia-nitrogen as percentage of total nitrogen varied from 5.9% up to 14.6%. The general averages obtained for lactic, acetic and butyric acids were of 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.06%, respectively. The hybrid Rumbosol 91 presented the smallest percentage of crude protein, with 7.2%, while contents above 9.0% were observed for five cultivars. The general average of ether extract (EE), 14.7%, was quite high when compared to others contents usually obtained for roughage. The contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin presented general averages of 45.8%, 35.7% and 6.4%, and were negatively correlated to IVDMD (general average of 49.8%). The silages presented low concentrations of residual soluble carbohydrates. The high contents of ADF and lignin, and the average of IVDMD (49.8%) can restrict the application of the silages of those cultivars of sunflower for more the exigent categories of animals, and the high medium content of EE can limit the level of inclusion of those silages in bovine rations.

Composição bromatológica e cinética de fermentação ruminal de híbridos de sorgo com capim-sudão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of 23 experimental genotypes and two control cultivars (AG2501C and BRS800) obtained by crossing sorghum with sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Bicolor × Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), managed in a cutting regime. The bromatological analysis was performed, and the kinetics parameters of dry matter fermentation was obtained by the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. A completely randomized block design was used for total gas production in a split plot arrangement. For all other responses an entirely randomized design was applied. The mean values were compared by Scott-Knott test. The genotypes CMSXS212*CMSXS912 and ATF14*CMSXS912 showed the highest dry matter content and the genotypes (A3TX430*CMSXS225)*CMSXS912, (A3TX430*CMSXS227)*CMSXS912, (BR007*CMSXS217)*CMSXS912, CMSXS210*CMSXS912, CMSXS157*CMSXS912, CMSXS215*CMSXS912, ATF14*CMSXS912, CMSXS205*CMSXS912, CMSXS156*CMSXS912, CMSXS107*CMSXS912, CMSXS216*CMSXS912 showed the highest protein level. The cell wall contents, the kinetics parameters and the effective dry matter degradation for all the hybrids were not statistically different.

Cinética de fermentação ruminal de silagens de milheto

The dry matter digestibility and the fermentation kinetics of three pearl millet genotypes silages (BRS-1501, NPM-1, and CMS-3) were estimated by the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique, using a completely randomized blocks design in a split plot arrangement. The genotypes means were compared by SNK test (P<0.05) and fermentation kinetics parameters estimated by regression of gas production on time using the France model. The greater cumulative gas production from 24 hours on was obtained by BRS-1501 genotype silage. The dry matter degradability (DMD) values at 96 hours of incubation were 53.9% for BRS-1501, 51.7% for NPM-1, and 49.1% for CMS-3 silage. The lowest DMD (P<0.05) among the studied genotypes silages was observed for CMS-3 silage. The maximum potential of gas production ranged from 145.18ml/g of dry matter for CMS-3 genotype silage to 155.02ml/g of dry matter for BRS-1501 silage. The BRS-1501 genotype silage showed the highest potential of gas production and effective degradabilities.

Metodologia para avaliação das boas práticas de fabricação em indústrias de pão de queijo

Este trabalho objetivou adaptar uma metodologia para a avaliacao da aplicacao das Boas Praticas de Fabricacao (BPF) em industrias de massas congeladas de paes de queijo. Foram utilizados nove questionarios englobando perguntas pertinentes a avaliacao das condicoes de infra-estrutura, higienizacao e processamento adotados nessas industrias. Para a avaliacao quantitativa dos dados, cada item dos questionarios foi classificado como recomendavel, necessario ou imprescindivel e pontuado (1, 2 e 4 pontos, respectivamente). Os questionarios foram aplicados a uma industria de pao de queijo localizada em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A pontuacao ponderada do estabelecimento (PPE) foi calculada atribuindo-se pesos calculados em funcao da frequencia relativa dos itens imprescindiveis de cada bloco. A PPE foi utilizada para a classificacao da industria como excelente, muito boa, boa, regular ou ruim. Para certificar a eficiencia da metodologia, a mesma industria foi avaliada por analises microbiologicas das materias-primas, das massas congeladas de pao de queijo, do ar ambiente, das maos dos manipuladores de alimentos e dos equipamentos e utensilios. A metodologia empregada foi eficiente para avaliar a aplicacao das BPF e que a ponderacao dos blocos permitiu uma boa avaliacao do estabelecimento, dando-se maior importância (peso maior) aos blocos relacionados diretamente com a qualidade e seguranca do produto.

Características de carcaça, componentes corporais e rendimento de cortes de cordeiros confinados recebendo dieta com própolis ou monensina sódica

This work was aimed at evaluating the effects of green propolis, brown propolis and sodic monensin aditives on the carcass characteristics by means of ultrasound and after-slaughter measures such as carcass non-components and yield of retail products from lambs finished in feedlot system. Thirty-two male lambs, with eight animal per treatment, were feedlot during 64 days. The animals were fed a diet with roughage:concentrate ratio of 50:50, composed of Tifton 85 hay grass (Cynodon spp.) and commercial concentrate. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with eight animals randomly assigned according to weight and the following treatments: control, diet without additive, green propolis, brown propolis and sodic monensin. The true, hot and commercial carcass percentage did not differ between treatments, with means of 54.97; 44.89 and 41.81%, respectively. Carcass non-components and yield of retail products were not influenced by treatments. The methodology used in the determinations affected the LEA and FT measures, so that the traditional method, obtained through measures in the carcass presented the highest averages for LEA (12.14 vs. 9.08 cm2) and lowest for FT (2.42 vs. 2.69 mm). The correlation between the of loin eye area (LEA) measures of the carcass with those obtained by ultrasound scan was 0.8597. The additives did not influence the carcass characteristics, non- components and yield of retail products from lambs finished in feedlot system. The performance of LEA and marbling ultrasound measures can be used in the in vivo carcass evaluation in sheep.

Consumo e digestibilidade do feno de capim-braquiária em bovinos de corte sob suplementação com mistura contendo sulfato de amônio, caseína e uréia

The intake and digestibilility of the nutrients of diets containing palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG4) hay of low quality and different protein levels were evaluated. The evaluated treatments were control (only hay) and hay with crescent addition, by rumen infusion, of the mixture containing ammonium sulphate, casein end urea (0.5:1.0:4.5) in way to elevate in +2, +4, +6 and +8% the CP level in the diets. A Latin square experimental design with five levels supplementation, five animals and five periods was used. The addition of crescent levels of no protein nitrogen (NPN) to the diet showed a quadratic effect on the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) intake, and the biggest intake was observed with level of 10.5% CP. No effect of CP levels were observed for on the DM, OM, NDF and EE digestibilities coefficients. There was crescent linear effect on CP apparent digestibility coefficient, that showed values of 57.4, 66.9, 73.6, 77.3 and 81.7% for the CP levels of 6.3, 8.5, 10.5, 12.6 and 14.8%, respectively. The critical point and estimated maximum response were: 10.5% CP and 7.7 kg DM/day and 7.2 kg OM/day. The supplementation with nitrogenous compounds in amounts that permit to elevate the dietary protein level up to 10.5% of CP increases the use of low-quality forage.