Rafael Alves de Azevedo

Desempenho de cordeiros alimentados com inclusão de torta de macaúba na dieta

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient uptake and the productive and economic performance of confined Santa Ines lambs fed diets with different levels of macauba pie inclusion . The animals (24) were distributed in a randomized block design, in treatments with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1 macauba pie in the diet dry matter, with six replicates during 60 days of confinement. The addition of macauba pie at increasing rates to the diet linearly increased the intake of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and feed conversion. There was no difference in dry matter intake, average daily gain and total live weight gain with the macauba pie addition. Diet with 100 g kg-1 macauba pie inclusion showed the best cost:benefit ratio in the evaluation of gross and net revenues from the sale of live and slaughtered animals. The addition of macauba pie up to 300 g kg-1 to the diet does not affect the animal growth performance; however, the addition of 100 g kg-1 macauba pie provides a better economic return.

Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com torta de macaúba

The effects of different percentages (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of inclusion of macauba meal (MM) on the ingestive behavior of 24 Santa Ines male lambs, averaging five months of age and 23.9kg of initial body weight were studied. The animals were allotted to a completely randomized block design with four treatments and six replications during 60 days of confinement. The variables measured were time spent in rumination (TR), idle time (IT), total chewing (TC), power efficiency (PEDM and PENDF) and efficiency of rumination, as well as the number of ruminated bolus (NRB) and daily number of chews (Cnd). The addition of MM to the diet increased TR, TC, NRB, Cnb and PENDF linearly, and reduced IT linearly, as a result of higher content of neutral detergent fiber in the diet. Although there was an increase in TC, no difference was verified in the consumption and efficiency of rumination and feeding of DM, possibly due to the low efficiency of fiber, which demonstrates the potential use of this coproduct in the diet of growing sheep.

Desempenho de bezerros alimentados com silagem de leite de transição

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros da raca Holandesa, aleitados com leite ou silagem de leite de transicao diluida em agua ou misturada ao leite, bem como realizar analise economica das dietas. Foram utilizados 18 animais, com peso corporal inicial medio de 36,50±4,03 kg, alojados individualmente em baias. Os animais receberam quatro litros de dieta liquida por dia, durante 54 dias. Os dados de consumo, ganho de peso diario, medidas de crescimento e conversao alimentar foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas; e o peso corporal final, o ganho total e a ocorrencia de diarreia foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A silagem de leite de transicao nao alterou o consumo de concentrado e o total de materia seca, nem a ocorrencia de diarreia. O desempenho dos animais foi reduzido, quando a silagem foi diluida em agua, o que resultou em menor peso final e menor ganho total de peso. Os animais tratados com silagem misturada ao leite tiveram desempenho similar aos tratados com leite, o que possibilita menor custo por quilograma de ganho de peso total e se mostra como opcao viavel para o aleitamento de bezerros leiteiros.

The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on feed intake, calf performance, feed efficiency, fecal score, passage rate, apparent nutrient digestibility, development of rumen and other organs, and body composition of increasing the total solids content of liquid feed (whole milk) by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder during the preweaning period. Crossbred Holstein-Gyr calves (n=32) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n=8 per group), which consisted of different total solids concentrations: 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% of liquid feed. Calves received 6 L of liquid per day, divided into 2 equal meals (0800 and 1600 h) and provided in buckets, from 5 to 55d of age. Starter and water were provided ad libitum during the entire experiment. At 56d of age, animals were killed. Laboratory analysis determined that the actual total solids contents of the liquid feed were 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4%, for the proposed 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% total solids treatments, respectively. The osmolality of liquid feed treatments was 265 to 533 mOsm/L. Fecal score was similar among treatments, except for wk 2 and 7. Intake of liquid feed was similar among treatments from 6wk of age. During wk 4, 5, and 6, we detected a linear decrease in starter intake. After wk 7, we observed greater starter intake for calves fed approximately 16.1% total solids. Water intake, feed efficiency, and withers height were similar among treatments. Increasing concentrations of total solids in liquid feed quadratically affected average daily gain, final body weight, and empty body weight. We observed a greater average daily gain for calves fed approximately 20.4% total solids. Passage rate, nutrient digestibility, development of pre-stomachs and intestine, and body composition were similar among treatments. Increasing the concentration of total solids in liquid feed up to 20.4% reduced starter intake between 4 and 6wk of life, but increased average daily gain. It did not affect passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal and organ development, or body composition in calves during the preweaning period, indicating that this strategy may be a viable alternative for feeding without increasing the total volume of liquid feed provided to dairy calves.

Desempenho de bezerros leiteiros em aleitamento artificial convencional ou fracionado

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, performance and incidence of diarrhea in Holstein dairy calves, besides perform the technical and economic analysis of the artificial fed milk conventional and fractionated. Were used 22 animals, 12 males and 10 females, with an average initial of body weight of 37.26kg (±3.42), allotted in a randomized block design housed in individual pens until 59 days old of animals. The feed milk conventional consisted of four liters of milk daily for 59 days and fractionated, six liters of 6 ° to 25 °, four liters of 26 o to 45 o and two liters of 46 o to 59 o days old, besides, hay Cynodon sp., water and mineral supplement provided ad libitum. The food consumption and incidence of days with diarrhea were monitored daily and the animals were weighed and measured weekly. The consumption data, daily weight gain, measures of growth, feed conversion and the incidence of days with diarrhea were analyzed in split plot. The total gain and final body weight were analyzed in a randomized block design. The initial body weight was used as a covariate. The nursing system did not affect (p>0.05) hay and water intakes, and animal performance. The fractionated breastfeeding provided greater (p≤0.05) dry matter total intake of in the third period of evaluation and lowest cost per kilogram of total weight gain, indicating it is a best strategy as in dairy cattle.

Desenvolvimento do trato digestivo de bezerros leiteiros criados em sistema de aleitamento fracionado

ABSTRACT.- Azevedo R.A., Araujo L., Duarte D.V.L., Cruz M.S., Costa S.F., Oliveira N.J.F., Duarte E.R. & Geraseev L.C. 2013. [ Development of the digestive tract of dairy calves reared in a fractionated nursing system. ] Desenvolvimento do trato digestivo de bezer -ros leiteiros criados em sistema de aleitamento fracionado. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 33(7):931-936. Departamento de Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Universitaria 1000, Montes Claros, MG 39404-547, Bra-zil. E-mail: rafaelzooufmg@gmail.comTo evaluate the effect of the fractionated nursing system in rumen development were used 12 Holstein calves, with an initial body weight average of 37.0 kg, individually main-tained in holding pens. Conventional treatment was made with four liters of milk daily, during 60 days and fractionated nursing was composed by six liters from the 6 th until 25 day, four liters of 26 to 45 and two liters from 46 to 59 days of life. Besides that liquid diet,

Análise técnico-econômica de diferentes níveis da torta de macaúba em dietas para vacas leiteiras

EnglishThe price of milk does not follow the upward trend of inputs so, reduction of production costs may enable economic efficiency of dairy farming. Within this context, the use of coproducts with highlights to those obtained in the biodiesel chain, may be an alternative for lower feed costs and consequently the production costs. The objective was to analyze the inclusion of different levels of the macauba cake in the total diet of lactating Holstein cows, to replace the corn meal. Eight animals with average weight of 480 kg and ave- rage production of 25 kg milk/day were used, in two 4x4 latin squares, with four levels of the cake (0, 10, 20 and 30 % of dry matter) and four periods of 21 days, 14 to adapt and seven days for evaluation. The animals, kept in individual stalls, were fed ad libitum corn silage and concentrate. We evaluated the total dry matter intake, milk production, costs and economic returns of daily diets. The inclusion of coproduct in the diets reduced the dry matter intake and milk production, however, the marginal rate of return of 10 % with the inclusion of coproduct was superior to the other treatments, indicating that the inclusion of 10 % macauba pie is a technically and economically feasible to replace corn bran diet in the diet of dairy cows. portuguesO preco do leite nao acompanha a tendencia de alta dos insumos e a reducao dos custos de producao pode permitir a eficiencia economica da atividade leiteira. Dentro deste contexto, a utilizacao de coprodutos, pode ser alternativa para reducao dos custos da alimentacao e consequentemente os de producao. Objetivou-se analisar a inclusao de diferentes niveis da torta de macauba, obtido na cadeia do biodiesel, na dieta total de vacas Holandesas, em lactacao, em substituicao ao farelo de milho. Foram utilizados oito animais com peso vivo medio de 480 kg e producao media de 25 kg de leite/dia, em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, sendo quatro niveis de inclusao da torta na materia seca (0, 10, 20 e 30 %) e quatro periodos de 21 dias, 14 de adaptacao e sete dias de avaliacao. Os animais foram alimentados ad libitum, com silagem de milho e concentrado, confinados em baias individuais. Avaliou-se o consumo de materia seca total, producao de leite, custos diarios e o retorno economico das dietas. A inclusao do coproduto reduziu o consumo de materia seca total e producao de leite, entretanto, a taxa de retorno marginal com 10 % de inclusao do coproduto foi superior aos demais tratamentos, indicando que e uma alternativa tecnica e economicamente viavel em substituicao ao farelo de milho na dieta de vacas leiteiras.

The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on feed intake and performance in dairy heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on feed intake, heifer performance, and health of increasing the total solids (TS) content of liquid feed (whole milk) by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder during the pre- and postweaning periods. Crossbred Holstein-Gyr heifers (n=60) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n=15 per group), which consisted of different TS concentrations: 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% of liquid feed. Heifers received 6 L of liquid feed per day, divided into 2 equal meals (0800 and 1600h) and provided in buckets, from 5 to 55d of age. From 56 to 59d of age, the total amount of liquid feed was reduced by half, maintaining only morning feedings. Heifers were weaned at 60d and monitored until 90d of age. Water and starter were provided ad libitum during the entire experiment. Corn silage was included in the diet during the postweaning period (70d of age). Feed intake and health scores were evaluated daily. Body weight and body frame development were recorded weekly. Starting at 14d, ruminal pH was measured every other week. Laboratory analysis determined that the actual TS contents of the liquid feed were 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4%, for the proposed 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% TS treatments, respectively. The osmolality of liquid feed treatments was 265 to 533mOsm/L. Intake of liquid feed was similar among treatments from 4wk of age. During the preweaning period, starter intake, fecal score, and days with diarrhea were similar among treatments. Ruminal pH at weaning averaged 6.2 and was similar among treatments. Increasing concentrations of TS in the liquid feed were associated with linear increases in average daily gain, final body weight, and growth performance, but linear decreases in feed efficiency. During the postweaning period, intake of starter, corn silage, and water were similar among treatments, as well as average daily gain and feed efficiency. Final body weight and growth performance during the postweaning period also increased linearly with concentration of TS in liquid feed. Increasing the concentration of TS in liquid feed up to 20.4% increased performance and body frame development in dairy heifers during the pre- and postweaning periods and had no effects on solid feed intake or health.

Efeito da inclusão da torta de macaúba na população de protozoários do rúmen de vacas leiteiras

The effects of meal macauba (MM) inclusion on the concentration and profile of the ciliate protozoa of the bovine rumen were evaluated. Eight Holstein cows were used during second lactation, with average 480 kg of body weight, arranged in two 4x4 Latin squares simultaneously and fed four diets with different concentrations of the MM (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1). For identification and quantification of protozoa, samples of ruminal fluid from each animal with 1 ml were diluted in 9mL of 10% formaldehyde. After consecutive decimal dilutions in saline solution, protozoa were assessed in a Sedgewick chamber. The identification was carried out under the optical light microscope using a 40x objective to characterize at least 100 individuals per sample. The concentrations of small (P<0.01), medium (P=0.05), large (P= 0.01), and the total number (P<0.01) of protozoa decreased linearly with the increasing MM inclusion. Morphological characteristics typical of 16 genera of ciliates were found, being the Entodinium spp. and Eodinium spp. the most frequent in the rumen fluid of animals evaluated. The profile of the population of ciliated protozoa suffer minor changes with the addition of MM, with a change in the percentage share of Charonina spp. (P = 0.03) and Polyplastron spp. (P <0.01). The use of the MM in the cattle diet promotes reduction in the concentration and change in the profile of the population of rumen ciliates protozoa.

Comportamento ingestivo de vacas alimentadas com torta de macaúba

The effects of the macauba meal (MM) inclusion (0, 100, 200 and 300g kg-1 of DM) upon daily milk production and ingestive behavior parameters were evaluated in eight Holstein cows. Animals were randomly allocated to treatments according to a replicated latin square design, with four treatments and four experimental periods. The ingestive behavior was determined by observation, during 24 hours with 5 minutes intervals to determine the time spent in feeding, rumination and idleness. There was a quadratic decrease in dry matter intake and daily milk production with MM inclusion. However, no effects were detected in MM inclusion on the feeding efficiency (gDM h-1 and gNDF h-1) and rumination efficiency (gDM h-1 and gNDF h-1). The total chewing time (min day-1), the number of ruminated (boli day-1), the ruminating chews (n. day-1 and n. boli-1) and the time of ruminating chews boli (sec boli-1) did not show any difference. The MM inclusion in the diet did not influence the ingestive behavior, but reduces the performance of animals.