Tao Liao

Sedative effects of Arachis hypogaea L. stem and leaf extracts on sleep-deprived rats

Arachis hypogaea L. stem and leaf extracts (AHSLE) are reputed to aid sleep. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of AHSLE on sleep-deprived (SD) rats and the effect on energy system pathways. Furthermore, we analyzed the essential oil components of Arachis hypogaea L. stems and leaves (AHSL) to explain the sedative effects. AHSLE were obtained by extracting AHSL twice with water at 98°C for 3 h. Animal experiments were performed in the Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan, and the levels of neurotransmitters were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The essential oil of the AHSL was obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Following treatment with AHSLE, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels of the SD rats increased, which is a different effect from that previously observed in freely behaving rats. Adenosine (Ad) were not elevated by AHSLE uniformly throughout the brain, but accumulated in site-specific and time-prolonged manners. Following GC-MS analysis of the AHSL essential oil, a total of 37 compounds were identified; the major components were linalool (16.17%, which has sedative-like activity), n-hexadecanoic acid (16.42%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.48%; a product of linalool decomposition). AHSLE affect the target neurotransmitters related to the rat circadian rhythms in specific brain regions, suggesting that AHSLE have the potential to increase sleep during the SD phase, and the sedative effects of AHSLE may be due to high levels of linalool and its decomposition products. AHSLE are potentially useful as sedatives or sleep aids in hypnotic therapy.

Arachis hypogaea L. stem and leaf extract improves the sleep behavior of pentobarbital‑treated rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the sedative effects of Arachis hypogaea L. stem and leaf extract (AHSLE) and determine its effect pathways through γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated channels on male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with pentobarbital. AHSLE was obtained from 98°C water (3 h, extracted twice). AHSLE and flumazenil (a GABA type A receptor antagonist) were administered to the rats orally, whereas pentobarbital sodium and muscimol (a GABA type A receptor agonist) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). The results demonstrated that AHSLE decreased sleep latency and increased sleep time in pentobarbital-treated rats (50 mg/kg, i.p.). The coadministration of AHSLE and muscimol (0.05 mg/kg) significantly increased sleep time and reduced sleep latency in pentobarbital-treated rats and these actions were significantly antagonized by flumazenil at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg. These results indicated that AHSLE improved the sleep behavior in pentobarbital-treated rats, possibly through GABA-gated channel-related mechanisms.

Simultaneous Detection of Nine Kinds of Estrogens in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Simultaneous Detection of Nine Kinds of Estrogens in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

建立了固相萃取-气质联用法(SPE-GC-MS)测定水体中9种环境雌激素:雌酮(E1)、17b-雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、4-辛基酚(OP)、4-壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)、己烯雌酚(DES)、美雌醇(EE3ME)和17a-炔雌醇(EE2)的检测方法,优化了萃取和衍生化反应条件,实验结果表明:HLB柱回收率较高,衍生化反应的温度为75℃,衍生时间为90 min;本方法对9种环境雌激素的加标回收率为60.5%～126.7%,对应的相对标准偏差为0.8%～11.1%,方法检出限为1.08～8.60Nine target compounds including estrone (E-1), 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E-2), estriol (E-3) 4-octylphenol(4-OP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), mestranol (EE3ME) and 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol (17 alpha-EE2) were simultaneous detected by SPE-GC-MS. Extraction and derivatization conditions were optimized. The results showed that the average recoveries of the nine target estrogens extracted by Oasis HLB cartridges were higher than those by Satara cartridges, the optimal temperature of derivatization reaction was 75 degrees C and the optimal time of derivatization reaction was 90 min. The average recoveries of the nine target estrogens by Oasis HLB cartridges were 60.5% - 126.7%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.8% - 11.1%, and the limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 1.08 ng/L to 8.60 ng/L. This method has been employed to detect the estrogens in environment samples from rivers.