Tapan Kumar Mandal

Pharmacokinetic interaction of intramammary ceftriaxone and oral polyherbal drug (Fibrosin®) in goats

Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to determine pharmacokinetic interaction of ceftriaxone and polyherbal drug (Fibrosin®) in lactating goats following single dose intramammary administration of ceftriaxone with 1 h pre-single dose oral administration of Fibrosin®. Methods: Pharmacokinetic interaction of ceftriaxone and Fibrosin® was evaluated in lactating goats following single dose intramammary administration of ceftriaxone at 50 mg/kg with 1 h pre-single dose oral administration of Fibrosin® (1.9 g). Estimation of ceftriaxone and its metabolite, ceftizoxime, was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: Fibrosin® treated goats showed a typical absorption-reabsorption phase of ceftriaxone in plasma following intramammary administration. Neither ceftriaxone nor ceftizoxime was detected in the plasma and urine of goats without Fibrosin® treatment, however, ceftriaxone persisted for 36 h and ceftizoxime was present from 48 h to 72 h in the plasma of Fibrosin® treated goats. Ceftizoxime was also available from 72 h to 360 h post-dosing in milk in the presence of Fibrosin® following intramammary administration of ceftriaxone suggesting the polyherbal drug played a major role in the penetration of ceftriaxone from milk to systemic circulation. Furthermore, the polyherbal drug increased the bioavailability of ceftizoxime in milk following the metabolism of ceftriaxone. Conclusions: Polyherbal drug (Fibrosin®) plays a major role in the penetration of ceftriaxone from milk to systemic circulation and may be responsible for increased bioavailability of its metabolite in the mammary gland resulting in higher concentration and longer persistence of the drug in milk.

Assemblages of Total Mercury in the Tropical Macrotidal Bidyadhari Estuarine Stretches of Indian Sundarban Mangrove Eco-Region

The study was conducted to estimate total mercury in water and sediment of Bidyadhari river of Indian Sundarban delta in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon period. Bidyadhari river presently serves as a sewage and excess rainwater outlet from the Kolkata metropolitan and adjacent area which ultimately empties at the Bay of Bengal in the course of the Indian Sundarban delta. Four different study sites situated around the course of the river were selected from the outfall of sewage canals at Kulti-Ghushighata (S1) where metropolitan sewages discharged and mixed up into water of Bidyadhari river which ultimately carried through this river via stations Malancha (S2), Kanmari (S3) to Dhamakhali (S4), just before the river confluences with the larger Raimangal river at northern Sundarban delta. Mean mercury concentration in collected water ranged BDL to 0.014 ± 0.001 μg ml-1 and sediment samples ranged BDL to 0.260 ± 0.014 μg g-1. Highest mercury accumulations in river water both high tide and low tide was found at S4 followed by S3 with pronounced seasonal variation. Mercury present in the sediment (0-5 cm) showed a remarkable site and season specific differences with highest concentration in S4. Box whisker plot revealed that one extreme value was found at the S4 along with one outlier was at S3 and five outliers were at S4 during monsoon period. Regarding total mercury assemblages, PCA analysis showed all the sites except S4 are significantly associated. Based on Effective Range Low (ERL) value it is considered that sediment is still low mercury enrichment with less ecotoxicological risk while level often above the requirement desirable limit of drinking water recommended by WHO.

Disposition Kinetic of Amoxicillin in Healthy and Nephropathic Goats with Immunological and Residual Level in Blood and Tissues

In the present investigation, we evaluated disposition kinetics of amoxicillin in healthy as well as nephropathy black-Bengal goats of either sex through single intravenous (IV) route along with metabolism aspects in all vital organs and urine after repeated therapeutic (TP, 10 mg/kg) and one half of therapeutic dose (HTP, 5 mg/kg) consecutively for 60 days through intramuscular administration (IM), evaluation of blood biochemistry and liver cytochrome p450 component. Higher ClB, AUC and lower MRT values in nephropathic goats compared to healthy goats indicates rapid distribution and elimination of drug from plasma when amoxicillin was administered to goats with acute renal failure. Continuous administration through intramuscular route up to 60 days revealed biochemical, hematological, histopathological changes in therapeutics as well as below therapeutic dosage level in blackBengal goats. Present study also revealed immunosuppressive effect during 60 days continuous intramuscular administration and confirmed stimulatory effect on Cytochrome p 450 enzyme system.

The disposition kinetics and residues of fenvalerate in tissues following a single dermal application to black bengal goats

The disposition kinetics of fenvalerate were studied in goats after dermal application of 100 ml of 0.25% (w/v) solution. The insecticide persisted in the blood for 72 h. The mean (±SEM) Vd(area) and apparent t1/2 (β) were 9.92±1.44 L/kg and 17.51±2.65 h, while the AUC and ClB values were respectively 82.15±7.40 μg h/ml and 0.56±0.05 L/(kg h). Four days after the dermal application, the highest concentration of fenvalerate residues was found in the adrenal gland, followed by the biceps muscle, omental fat, liver, kidney, lung and cerebrum in that order. Fenvalerate caused hyperglycaemia but had no effect on serum protein and cholesterol levels. Serum acetylcholinesterase activities were increased after 24 h but were below the initial values from 48 to 120 h.

Effect of repeated dermal application of fenvalerate on cockerels: Residue, cell architecture and biochemical profiles

Effect of fenvalerate on residual concentration, cell architecture and biochemical parameters of tissue following dermal application at 0.1% in ethanol three times per week for a period of 150 days in cockerels was studied. Brain contained the maximal residue followed by heart, omental fat, liver and kidney in sequence. It increased the AST activity in kidney and heart, ALT activity in liver, kidney, heart and brain; AP activity in liver, kidney and heart tissues. It decreased the AST activity in brain; and acetyl cholinesterase activity in liver and brain tissues. In conclusion, it appears that chronic dermal application of fenvalerate for 150 days does not produce any clinical signs of toxicity. It produced proliferation of bile duct, periportal fibrosis, aggregation of mononuclear cells resembling lymphoctyic nodule in liver; hypertrophy of glomeruli, thickening of Bowmans capsule, fibrosis and accumulation of mononuclear cells in between the kidney tubules; fatty degeneration of heart tissue and cong...

Ameliorative effects of Bauhinia acuminata L stem bark powder against chronic arsenicosis in rats

Arsenic poisoning is one of the major causes of chronic human illness and mortality in Bengal Delta plain with limited treatment option. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Bauhinia acuminata L (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) stem-bark powder against sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) induced toxicity. Forty eight adult albino rats were divided into four groups viz., D0, D1, D2 and D3. Sodium arsenite was administered @4 mg/kg daily in drinking water in groups D1, D2 and D3 for 90 days; control group (D0) received water for 120 days. The D1 group of animals received water, instead of arsenic during 91-120 days, while rats of group D2 and D3 were orally treated with stem bark powder @350 mg/kg (1/10 th dose of LD50) and 175 mg/kg (1/20 th dose of LD50) respectively daily during the period. Analysis of arsenic concentrations in tissue samples, hair and faeces showed that treatment with B. acuminata stem bark powder significantly (p<0.05) reduced arsenic accumulation in tissues, hair and in faeces. A significantly (p<0.05) higher organo-arsenic fraction and lower arsenite and arsenate fractions was also observed in B. acuminata stem bark powder treated group (D2 and D3). The study showed that oral treatment with B. acuminata stem bark powder could ameliorate induced arsenicosis.

Chronic dermal toxicity study of fenvalerate in fowl

Chronic toxicity study was carried out in cockerels following dermal application of 0.1% fenvalerate three times a week for 180 days. Treated birds did not produce any adverse effect on the body weight gain and showed no clinical sign of toxicity. Erythrocytosis and leucopenia from 75 day, heterophilia and haemoglobinization from 90 day, lymphocytopenia from 60 day followed by lymphocytosis on 165 day, increase of PCV from 75 day and clotting period of blood on 180 days were observed in treated birds. Residual concentration of fenvalerate in blood showed an alternate increase and decrease pattern having the highest concentration on 120 day. Increase of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, and decrease of alkaline phosphatase activities were observed all throughout the period of observation (except 180 day) in treated birds. Serum cholinesterase and acid phosphatase activities were however unaltered. Treated birds showed hypoglycaemia from 90 to 150 day proceeded by hypochlolesterolaemia and hypop...