Thadeu Mariniello Silva

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance, and carcass yield of lambs fed licuri cake

This study aimed to determine the impact of the inclusion of licuri cake in the diets of crossbred Santa Inês lambs, based on intake, digestibility, N balance, urea N, and performance. We used 44 male lambs that were vaccinated and wormed, with an average age of 6 mo and an average BW of 21.2 kg ± 2.7 kg. The lambs were fed a mixture of Tifton-85 hay (40%) and a concentrated mixture (60%) composed of ground corn, soybean meal, and mineral premix. For the treatments, licuri cake was added at levels of 0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM, with the licuri cake replacing soybean meal and ground corn. We used 11 lambs per treatment in a randomized design. The lambs were confined for 70 d, and the digestibility trial occurred between Day 40 and Day 55. The increased level of licuri cake inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake ( = 0.00) with a 39% reduction between treatments with the 0 and 24% cakes. On the other hand, ether extract () consumption showed an initial quadratic increase ( = 0.00). The total weight gain and ADG showed a linear decrease ( = 0.00) with the addition of licuri cake. The inclusion of licuri cake linearly enhanced ( = 0.02) the digestibility of CP and EE, whereas the digestibility of other nutrients in lambs remained unchanged ( > 0.05). The licuri cake increase led to a linear decrease ( < 0.05) in the N intake, fecal N, and retained N in lambs. Urinary N was not changed. The slaughter carcass weight, HCW, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield, and cold carcass yield showed linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the addition of licuri cake. Carcass morphometric measurements were influenced by experimental diets, showing linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the addition of licuri cake to diets. The fat thickness, conformation, external length, internal length, leg length, rump width, and chest circumference showed linear decreases ( < 0.05) with the inclusion of licuri cake in diets. The inclusion of licuri cake decreased DMI and digestibility, reflecting the lower ADG. Although feed efficiency was not affected, the lambs weighed less at slaughter and the licuri cake had a negative impact on carcass yield. Therefore, the use of the studied levels of licuri cake in diets for finishing lambs cannot be recommended.

Carcass traits and meat quality of crossbred Boer goats fed peanut cake as a substitute for soybean meal

This study aimed to determine the impact of replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diets of crossbred Boer goats as determined by carcass characteristics and quality and by the fatty acid profile of meat. Forty vaccinated and dewormed crossbred Boer goats were used. Goats had an average age of 5 mo and an average BW of 15.6 ± 2.7 kg. Goats were fed Tifton-85 hay and a concentrate consisting of corn bran, soybean meal, and mineral premix. Peanut cake was substituted for soybean meal at levels of 0.0, 33.33, 66.67, and 100%. Biometric and carcass morphometric measurements of crossbred Boer goats were not affected by replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diet. There was no influence of the replacement of soybean meal with peanut cake on weight at slaughter ( = 0.28), HCW ( = 0.26), cold carcass weight ( = 0.23), noncarcass components of weight ( = 0.71), or muscularity index values ( = 0.11). However, regression equations indicated that there would be a reduction of 18 and 11% for loin eye area and muscle:bone ratio, respectively, between the treatment without peanut cake and the treatment with total soybean meal replacement. The weights and yields of the commercial cuts were not affected ( > 0.05) by replacing soybean meal with peanut cake in the diet. Replacing soybean meal with peanut cake did not affect the pH ( = 0.79), color index ( > 0.05), and chemical composition ( > 0.05) of the meat (). However, a quadratic trend for the ash content was observed with peanut cake inclusion in the diet ( = 0.09). Peanut cake inclusion in the diet did not affect the concentrations of the sum of SFA ( = 0.29), the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; = 0.29), or the sum of PUFA ( = 0.97) or the SFA:UFA ratio ( = 0.23) in goat meat. However, there was a linear decrease ( = 0.01) in the sum of odd-chain fatty acids in the meat with increasing peanut cake in the diet. Soybean meal replacement with peanut cake did not affect the n-6:n-3 ratio ( = 0.13) or the medium-chain fatty acid ( = 0.76), long-chain fatty acid ( = 0.74), or atherogenicity index values ( = 0.60) in the meat. The sensory attributes of the longissimus lumborum did not differ with the inclusion of peanut cake in the diet as a replacement for soybean meal. These results suggest that based on carcass and meat characteristics, peanut cake can completely substitute soybean meal in the diet of crossbred Boer goats.

Licuri oil supplements for lactating cows on pasture

Lima, L. S., Oliveira, R. L., Garcez Neto, A. F., Bagaldo, A. R., Abreu, C. L., Silva, T. M., Carvalho, S. T. and Bezerra, L. R. 2015. Licuri oil supplements for lactating cows on pasture. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 617-624. As licuri [Syagrus coronata (Martius) Beccari] oil can be a beneficial energy source in the diet of lactating cows managed on pasture, this study aimed to determine the most effective level of licuri oil in feed supplements. Sixteen Holstein×Zebu crossbreed lactating cows grazing on Tanzania (Panicum maximum) pasture grass were grouped into two 4×4 simultaneous Latin squares; there were four experimental periods of 21 d each, with 17 adaptation days and 4 d of data collection. The treatments were diets containing 0.0, 15.0, 30.0 or 45.0 g kg-1 of licuri oil in concentrated dry matter. The intakes of dry matter, crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrate levels were not affected by the addition of licuri oil; however, the intake of neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients decreased linearly. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was reduced linearly with increasing levels of licuri oil in the concentrate. There were no changes in blood glucose levels, but blood urea nitrogen levels varied according to the time of the day when the blood was collected. Inclusion of licuri oil at 45.0 g kg-1 in feed concentrates results in improved dry matter and ether extract digestibility.

Consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de cordeiros submetidos a dietas com torta de dendê

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar o melhor nivel de inclusao da torta de dende por intermedio do consumo e da digesti- bilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros sanguineos em cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 20 animais inteiros, Santa Ines, ali- mentados com farelo de milho, farelo de soja, feno de tifton 85 e niveis de torta de dende (0,0; 6,5;13,5 e 19,5% da materia seca), em mistura completa. O periodo experimental teve duracao de 24 dias. Durante tres dias consecutivos, foram coletadas amostras do alimento, das sobras e fezes para determinacao do consumo e da digestibilidade. No ultimo dia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para analise do N-ureico e glicose plasmatico. Os consumos de materia seca (MS), materia orgânica (MO), proteina bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestiveis totais (NDT), expressos em grama por dia (g/dia), porcentagem peso corporal (%PC) e grama por quilo peso metabolico (g/kgPM), nao foram influenciados pela inclusao da torta de dende, enquanto os de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente acido (FDA) e extrato etereo (EE) tiveram efeito linear crescente e os de carboidratos nao fibrosos (CNF), decrescente, com a adicao da torta. A inclusao da torta na alimentacao proporcionou efeito linear decrescente para os coeficientes de digestibilidade de CNF. Nao houve efeito de tratamento sobre os niveis de N-ureico e glicose sanguineos, no entanto, foi observado efeito quadratico decrescente no periodo pos-prandial. Pode-se incluir ate 19,5% da torta de dende na dieta dos cordeiros, sem efeitos nas variaveis estudadas.

Níveis de ureia em dietas contendo co-produto de vitivinícolas e palma forrageira para ovinos Santa Inês

The effect of urea levels on intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in diets containing dried wine grape byproduct and fresh forage cactus was evaluated. Sixteen male, non-castrated, Santa Ines sheep, averaging 37kg and 11-month-old were used. The diets had 60% of dried grape byproduct (DGB) and 40% of forage cactus, and increasing levels of urea – 0, 1, 2, and 3% in dry matter. Completely randomized designs with two periods with 15 adjust days and five days for samples collection was carried out. Dry matter (DM), neuter detergent fiber (NDF), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestive nutrients (TDN) intakes presented quadratic behavior with maximum values of 2.04; 0.66; 0.74; and 1.50kg/day, respectively. For each increase of an unit percentage of urea an increase of 20 grams in the CP intake occurred. The digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, and NFC presented quadratic behavior with maximum values of 62.5, 85.0, 81.0, and 97.8%, respectively. The inclusion of urea up to 2% in the diets containing dried grape byproduct and fresh forage cactus made possible increases in nutrient intake and coefficient of digestibility of nutrients.

RESPOSTAS DE INGESTÃO E FISIOLOGICAS DE CORDEIROS ALIMENTADOS COM TORTA DE DENDÊ (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS)

EnglishThe aim of this study was to know the best level of inclusion of palm kernel meal in the diet through ingestive behavior, and physiological parameters. Thirty two Santa Ines non castred male sheep, averaging 24,48±3,59 kg of initial body weight were studied. The animals were housed in individual pens, were distribuited in a completely randomized design with four treatments: (0, 6.5, 13.0, and 19.5%). The diets were composed of maize meal, soybean meal, palm kernel meal, mineral premix and Tifton hay as roughage, being provided twice daily, at 9:00 am and 4:00 pm at a ratio of 50:50 roughage concentrate proportion. The experimental period lasted 80 days (10days for diet and environmental adaptation). The intake of solids and water and performance of animals was evaluated. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment and the average daily gain was determined. The ingestion time (min/day) and efficiency of dry matter intake (g/h) showed a quadratic response; rumination time (min/day) and dry matter intake (g/day) showed a negative linear effect; rumination time and consumption of dry matter showed a linear effect and the intake of neutral detergent fiber and rumination efficiency of the fiber showed an increasing linear effect. Levels of palm kernel meal up to 19.5% in the diet did not affect time spent on leisure and total chewing, respiratory frequency, rectal temperature and superficial temperature. However, heart rate behavior decreased linearly with the addition of palm kernel cake in the diet. There was no effect of the addition of palm kernel meal on final weight and average daily gain. The inclusion of palm kernel meal up to 19.5% affects some parameters of ingestive behavior, but does not alter significantly the ingestive behavior. Was not observed any effect of palm kernel meal addition on the number of periods of eating, ruminating or leisure (p>0.05). The environmental variables during the experimental situation provided animal thermal discomfort. portuguesObjetivou-se com este trabalho conhecer o melhor nivel de inclusao da torta de dende na dieta de cordeiros por intermedio do comportamento ingestivo, das respostas fisiologicas e bioclima- tologicas. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos machos nao castrados da raca Santa Ines com peso vivo inicial de 24,8±3,59 kg, alojados em baias individuais e distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: (0;6,5;13,0 e 19,5% de torta de dende) na dieta. As dietas foram compostas de farelo de milho, farelo de soja, torta de dende, premix mineral e feno de tifton como volumoso, sendo fornecidas duas vezes ao dia, as 9 e 16 h, na proporcao de 50:50. O periodo experimental foi de 80 dias, sendo 10 dias desti- nados a adaptacao dos animais as dietas e ao ambiente. Foi avaliado o consumo de solidos e agua e o desempenho dos animais. Os animais foram pesados no inicio e no final do experimento e foi determinado o ganho medio diario. O tempo de ingestao e a eficiencia de ingestao de materia seca seguiram comportamento quadratico, o tempo de ruminacao e o consumo de materia seca apresentaram efeito linear decrescente e o con- sumo de fibra em detergente neutro e eficiencia de ruminacao da fibra efeito linear crescente. Niveis de torta de dende de ate 19,5% na dieta nao influenciam os tempos despendidos com ocio e mastigacao total, frequencia respiratoria, tempe- ratura retal e temperatura superficial. Porem, a frequencia cardiaca nos dois turnos apresentou comportamento linear decrescente com adicao da torta de dende na dieta. Nao houve efeito da adicao da torta, peso final e ganho medio diario. A inclusao da torta de dende em ate 19,5% afeta alguns parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo, mas nao altera de forma significativa o compor- tamento ingestivo. Nao foi verificado efeito da adicao da torta de dende na dieta no numero de periodos de ingestao, ruminacao e ocio (p>0,05). As variaveis ambientais durante o periodo expe- rimental proporcionaram situacao de desconforto termico aos animais.

Morfometria testicular de cabritos alimentados com óleo de licuri (Syagrus coronata)

A trial was carried out to identify the best level of licury (Syagrus coronata) oil in the diet of goats. Nineteen ¾ Boer male goats at three months of age were kept in individual pens. These animals were submitted to 75 days of confinement. The rations were composed of corn and soybean meal, Tifton 85 chopped hay and levels of licury oil (dry matter base). The animals were arranged in four groups according to the addition of licury oil to the diet: 0.0 (no oil inclusion, n= 5); or addition of 1.5 (n= 5); 3.0 (n= 5); or 4.5% licury oil. The evaluations of mean body weight and testicular biometry were performed weekly. After confinement, animals were slaughtered and the weight of the left and right testicles, left and right epididymal weight; and gonadosomatic index were determined. The addition of licury oil up to 4.5% to the diet of prepuberal male goats has not change the testicular development based on its biometrical and morphometrical parameters. It is suggested that licury oil can be added up to 4.5% to the diet of male goats.

Feeding sunflower cake from biodiesel production to Santa Ines lambs: Physicochemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake in the diets of lambs on meat quality. Forty male, uncastrated Santa Ines lambs with an initial average body weight of 20.9 ± 0.41 kg were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments. The lambs were fed 500 g/kg hay and 500 g/kg concentrate (corn, soybean meal, urea, ammonium sulfate and sunflower cake) in their diet, and the experimental treatments were 0, 10, 20, and 30% sunflower cake inclusion (DM basis). The inclusion of sunflower cake in the diet did not affect (P > 0.05) the content of ash and protein, overall acceptance, or sensory aroma of the lamb meat. Total lipids and moisture content of the longissimus lumborum muscle increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with sunflower cake inclusion. The C16:0, ΣSFA, ΣMUFA:ΣSFA ratio, Δ–9 desaturase enzyme and atherogenicity index in the longissimus lumborum muscle decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with sunflower cake inclusion in lamb diets, whereas a linear increase occurred (P ≤ 0.05) in C12:0, C18:0, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, ΣPUFA:ΣSFA and ΣPUFA:ΣMUFA ratios, Σn–6, Σn–3, desirable fatty acids, h:H index, elongase activity, and flavor, tenderness and juiciness sensory qualities in lamb meat. Among the panelists, the highest preference (35.9%) was for meat with 30% sunflower cake inclusion in the diet. Sunflower cake up to 30% of total DM can be included in the diet of Santa Ines lambs, because lipid nutritional quality and the sensory qualities of the lamb meat increase, in addition to improvement in nutraceutical compounds, such as the CLA content, and in the AI, PUFA:SFA and PUFA:MUFA ratios, desirable fatty acids content and h:H ratio, which are beneficial to the health of consumers.

Effects of crude glycerin from biodiesel on the diets of lambs: intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior, and serum metabolites

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of crude glycerin of up to 21% of DM in the diets of lambs will not compromise variables related to animal production or health. Forty-four uncastrated Santa Inês crossbreed lambs with an average age of 5 mo and a BW average of 23.9 ± 0.34 kg (mean ± SD) were distributed into four treatment groups (11 replicates per group) including 0%, 7%, 14%, or 21% crude glycerin on a DM basis. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets promoted a quadratic increase in DM (P = 0.018), CP (P = 0.004), and TDN (P = 0.017). There was a linear decrease (P < 0.001) in NDF and nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake caused by glycerin in the diets. There was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in ether extract (EE) intake. There was a linear reduction in NDF (P = 0.011) and NFC (P < 0.001) for effective consumption of the diets. There was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in EE effectively consumed by the lambs, and there were no differences in the CP that was effectively consumed (P = 0.267) by glycerin. Digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, NFC, and TDN presented a linear decrease in crude glycerin inclusion. The EE digestibility presented a linear increase. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets promoted a quadratic increase in final BW (P = 0.015), ADG (P < 0.001), and G:F ratio (P < 0.001). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of crude glycerin inclusion in the diets on time spent (%); number of events per day; duration of events (minutes) for feeding, rumination, and idling; number of chews per bolus; or total chewing time for the lambs. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets improved feeding efficiency of DM (P = 0.005) and NDF (P = 0.004). The rumination efficiency of DM (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.001) presented a linear decrease. The total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase levels, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase serum concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) through the addition of crude glycerin to the diets of the lambs. However, the crude glycerin in the diets led to a linear decrease in urea-N (P = 0.004) and glucose (P <0.001), as well as a linear increase in the cholesterol (P = 0.043) serum concentrations of the lambs. The recommended inclusion of crude glycerin is up to a 4.7% DM level because of improved performance growth without compromising feeding behavior and blood metabolites.

Cinética de degradação de frações nutricionais de euforbiáceas

In order to determine the composition and the in situ degradability of the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of hays of castor cv. Paraguacu (Ricinus communis), castor cv. Nordestina (Ricinus communis), jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and manicoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii). Three rumen canulated undefined breed sheep were used. In each animal were incubated 12 bags for 6; 12; 24; 48 and 96 hour, being three bags by hay of euphorbiaceae. The content of protein ranged between 10.3% for the hay of jatropha and 19.6% for the hay of manicoba. The neutral detergent fiber value was similar between the hay of jatropha and the hay of manicoba, while the hays of castors presented lower concentrations between themselves. The castor Paraguacu hay presented superior and faster dry matter degradation, with value of 85.5% stagnated at 44 hour. The hay of manicoba and the hay of jatropha showed similar degradability of crude protein with final valor of 92.5% degraded at 40 and 46 hour, respectively. The jatropha hay presented neutral detergent fiber degradation of 68.0% and was superior to other euphorbiaceous hay, but, showed slower degradation rate, stagnated at 86 hour. The hays of castors were superior to the other hays of euphorbiaceous for chemical composition, the coefficients of ruminal degradation and the potential and effective degradation of nutrients.