Thomas Janoski

Immigration and the politics of citizenship in Europe and North America

2016-17 Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin 2011 Appointed to UCLA Foundation Chair 2009 Elected Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1999-2000 Guggenheim Fellowship 1995-96 Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences 1994-99 MacArthur Fellowship 1994-99 National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award 1988-1991 Junior Fellow, Society of Fellows, Harvard University

Being volunteered ? The impact of social participation and pro-social attitudes on volunteering

While disagreeing over the reasons why the performance of civic obligations seems to be declining, conservatives and liberals agree that people need to be reminded of their duties as citizens for this decline to be halted. But do these exhortations work? This paper tests two theories about how people become volunteers. The “normativist” perspective assumes that volunteer behavior flows from socialization into pro-social attitudes; the “social practice” perspective stresses the formative role of practical experiences and social participation. Using a panel study of high school seniors who were reinterviewed in their mid-20s and again in their early 30s, we show that volunteer work undertaken in high school has long-term benefits as does social participation more generally but that socialization into pro-social attitudes has an even stronger influence on volunteering in middle age. The implications of our study are that mandatory community service programs can boost later volunteer efforts but that socialization into appropriate citizenship attitudes is of equal, if not greater, importance.

The handbook of political sociology : states, civil societies, and globalization

This Handbook of Political Sociology provides the first complete survey of the vibrant field of political sociology. Part I explores the theories of political sociology. Part II focuses on the formation, transitions, and regime structure of the state. Part III takes up various aspects of the state that respond to pressures from civil society, including welfare, gender, and military policies. And Part IV examines globalization. The Handbook is dedicated to the memory of co-author Robert Alford.

Innovating to compete : lessons for diffusing and managing change in the work place

Examples from shipping, steel, auto, computer, and other industries show how organizationsplants, companies, national industries, or entire countriesdevelop the capacity to compete successfully. Compares innovative change in eight countries to uncover factors affecting the capacity for innovation.

The Dynamic Processes of Volunteering in Civil Society: A Group and Multi-Level Approach

With new emphasis on civil advocacy and active citizenship, volunteering needs more of a group process and multi-level approach to civil society. A theoretical approach to doing this can be done in two ways. First, volunteering can be theorized as existing in informal networks with opinion leaders who provide information and recruit volunteers through a multi-step process. In these interpretive communities ‘being asked’ is socially organized, and opinion leaders lead to more directed volunteering through social movements in the next phase. Second, volunteering can be theoretically embedded within three levels of civil society consisting of: (1) the private sphere of conversations with friends and family, (2) the civil sphere of voluntary associations and organizations, and (3) the regulatory sphere of political, media, and economic institutions. Three processes operate in these spheres. Civil repair operates vertically between these spheres with voluntary associations that generate volunteering and then social movements that impact on the regulatory sphere to create improvements in society. Civil degradation does the opposite. Civil maintenance operates horizontally within spheres with volunteering promoting the status quo. The end result of this multi-level social approach makes volunteering a vertical and horizontal process that operates in the civil sphere in both conservative and radical ways. These two theoretical approaches suggest a sociological way of studying volunteering at both the micro- and macro-levels.

The difference that empire makes: institutions and politics of citizenship in Germany and Austria

Austria has had much higher naturalization rates than Germany. Two arguments are made based on institutional regime theory and left political power. First, the imperial experiences of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that colonized 11 different nations explains Austrias relative openness, and the monocultural experience of the German Reich that tried to impose German language and culture on partitioned Poland casts light on Austrias open and Germanys rather closed approach to ethnic integration. This first argument covers initial state formation focusing on ethnicity, the Austrian colonization versus German occupation, different ethnicities and languages in the military and bureaucracy, and comparisons involving the partition of Poland and religion in Bavaria. The second argument is a political analysis of legislation concerning how institutionalized regime types and left/green party power influenced the naturalization policies that were enacted into law from 1946 to 2005. The post-World War II analysis shows the positive effects of left/green party power on naturalization, but the institutional regime hypothesis is still necessary to fully explain these differences. In the end, regime differences, and in the later period, left/green party power demonstrate why these two very similar countries have such different naturalization policies.

The Handbook of Political Sociology: Political Sociology in the New Millenium

Although modern political sociology has existed for more than a century, it came into its own during the decades bridging the victory at the end of World War II and the antiVietnam War movement. Especially important in setting the direction for political research with a distinctive focus on “the social bases of politics” was Seymour Martin Lipset’s Political Man (1960), published in twenty countries and deemed a “citation classic” by the Social Science Citation Index. The transformative potentials of the social bases of politics were redirected away from the pluralist theoretical tradition by William G. Domhoff ’s Who Rules America? (1967), which stimulated interest in capitalist power; William Gamson’s The Strategy of Social Protest (1975), which expanded attention to the popular bases of power beyond interest groups to social movements; and James Petras and Maurice Zeitlin’s Latin America: Reform or Revolution (1967), which excited new interest in the politics of labor movements. The 1980s’ ascent of state-centric institutionalism registered a major impact on political sociology with its Bringing the State Back In, edited by Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (1985). The works of these times had a common focus on the societal determination of political processes and outcomes and on how state structures cause varied outcomes in different countries. Since the early 1980s, political sociology has moved to include the unique and powerful perspectives of Michel Foucault (1979, 1980, 1984, 1990, 1991), Pierre Bourdieu (1994, 1998a, 1998b), and other poststructuralist or culturally oriented theorists; of feminism (Butler, 1990; Hobson, 1990; Hobson and Lindholm, 1997; Young, 1990); of racialization theory (Goldberg, 2002; Omi and Winant, 1994; Winant, 2001); and of rational choice theories (Coleman, 1966; Hechter, 1987; Lange and Garrett, 1985, 1987; North, 1990; Tsebellis, 1990, 1999; Wallerstein, 1999). Along with other perspectives, these have all shaken the theoretical dominance of pluralist, political/economic, and state-centric theories. Today, political sociology stands out as one of the major areas in sociology. Its share of articles and books published is impressive. For example, in 1999, 17 to 20 percent of the articles in theAmerican Journal of Sociology and theAmerican Sociological Review and about 20 percent of the books reviewed by Contemporary Sociology, the major reviewing journal in American sociology, dealt with political sociology. A number of political sociologists, including Seymour Martin Lipset, William Gamson, and Jill Quadagno, have served as president of the American Sociological Association (ASA). The political sociology section of the ASA continues to attract an above-average membership.1 Yet, along with all this vitality, the field remains fluid, stimulated by the following processes and theoretical transformations.

The New Division of Labor as Lean Production

This issue of the International Journal of Sociology (IJS) focuses on lean production in the global economy. Given the muted reception of lean production in sociology, in this introduction I describe structural changes that led to lean production, how different versions of the division of labor have emerged, and how lean production has been implemented in different industries around the world. The four articles in this issue examine as-yet unanswered questions about this new division of labor. They investigate a combination of three important processes: (1) the spread of lean production beyond the United States and Japan into France, Canada, Mexico, and China; (2) the use of lean production in the services industries; and (3) an assessment of whether lean production is good for workers, society, and management.

Citizenship, Sociological Aspects of

This article is a revision of the previous article by P. Birnbaum, volume 3, pp. 1860–1862,

Cut Loose: Jobless and Hopeless in an Unfair Economy

Qualitative studies of multiple countries are rare, which makes Cut Loose: Jobless and Hopeless in an Unfair Economy stand out. Victor Tan Chen interviewed 34 unemployed autoworkers in the United States (from two Chrysler engine plants and one supplier) and 37 in Canada (from two Ford engine plants and a similar supplier). All the workers were unionized by the UAW in the United States or the CAW in Canada, and as a result, their wages and benefits had been quite high. Chen provides alternating case studies (vignettes of 39 of 71 workers) and various types of analysis. His narratives are often quite moving and portray the human toll of chronic job injuries and longterm unemployment. His perceptive case studies illustrate the rise of relatively undereducated workers into the middle class followed by job loss, unpaid bills, foreclosures, divorces, and bankruptcies. Their descent is quite painful, and he shows how our meritocratic culture blames and shames them. I worked in one of these plants as a piston-shooter and find that his in-depth interviews are both empathetic and perceptive. In the first chapter, Chen lays out a fourpart theory largely based on the work of political theorist James Fishkin: (1) a meritocratic or market morality focusing on an individual and economic approach based on competition, (2) an egalitarian or union morality focusing on a communal and economic approach based on abundance, (3) a fraternal or family morality focusing on a collective and communal approach based on power, and (4) his additional theory of a grace or spiritual morality focusing on individual sacrifice and compassion based on spiritual transcendence. Chen occasionally refers to Marxian false consciousness and once refers to Weber, but he embraces neither theorist. He states that current society is dominated by the meritocratic and fraternal moralities, as the higher social classes obtain greater education and skills but often do so by plying their economic and educational advantages to ensure that their children and kin get their benefits first. This leads to his major concept of a ‘‘stunted meritocracy’’: ‘‘we all believe in merit, but of course my family member should be given their merit and livelihood first.’’ Chen presents narratives and analysis in each chapter in an almost undulating, wave-like style. At first this puzzles the reader, but one soon gets one’s sea legs. In Chapter Two, Chen discusses workers’ education and ‘‘capital speedup,’’ which refers to ever-increasing educational requirements workers are expected to fulfill either initially or in their retraining programs. Workers who start education late are subject to the ‘‘red queen effect’’—one must run twice as fast to catch up—and physical and emotional wear and tear. But in trying to find jobs, American workers found the bureaucracies cold; while in Canada, peers in Action Centers helped their fellow workers in navigating program requirements. Chapter Three covers layoffs and workers’ fall from highly paid jobs into poverty despite large buyouts, unemployment compensation (some specially designed for auto workers), and retraining programs. Chapter Four details the drastic impacts on workers’ children and the almost inevitable failure of marriages. Much of this was compounded by the Great Recession of 2008, since the interviews were largely done in 2009. The welfare state was porous in both countries, and the impact on single-parent families was especially strong in the United States. However, Canada has better policies for single parents and a national health care system that makes a big difference. Chapter Five goes into the ‘‘vicious circles’’ of belief whereby workers in the United States are more skeptical of their unions for being either weak or only interested in helping friends. Canadians were less critical of their unions, but not all that loyal either. Some even pointed out that people had to look at the companies’ point of view and criticized unions for protecting ‘‘screw-ups.’’ All in all, opinions on hard work and education were similar in both countries, but Canadians believed a bit more in collective solutions. 730 Reviews