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AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment | 2002

Low Bone Density and Renal Dysfunction Following Environmental Cadmium Exposure in China

Gunnar F. Nordberg; Taiyi Jin; Alfred Bernard; Sébastien Fierens; J. P. Buchet; Tingting Ye; Qinghu Kong; Hongfu Wang

Abstract This paper presents the main findings of a study on health effects of environmental cadmium pollution in China, performed in 1998, i.e. approximately 25 years after the first warnings of such effects were published in Ambio. Forearm bone mineral density (BMD) and renal dysfunction were assessed in population groups exposed to cadmium via rice. Decreased BMD was found in postmenopausal women with elevated urinary cadmium (CdU) or cadmium in blood (CdB) and among men with elevated CdB. Also, clear and statistically significant dose-effect and dose-response relationships were found between CdB or CdU and renal dysfunction (increased excretion of retinol-binding protein). This is the first report of bone effects among Cd-exposed population groups in Asia outside Japan. The report is also of interest since it demonstrates that bone effects, a comparatively severe adverse health effect of Cd, in combination with renal dysfunction, still occurs in environmentally exposed population groups in Asia. Recent reports on bone effects in Cd-exposed population groups in Europe are discussed.


Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | 2001

Urinary calcium as a biomarker of renal dysfunction in a general population exposed to cadmium.

Xunwei Wu; Taiyi Jin; Zaijuan Wang; Tingting Ye; Qinghu Kong; Gunnar F. Nordberg

Urinary &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase have been recommended as sensitive indicators of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium. However, an increase in urinary calcium in early renal damage induced by cadmium has been reported both in humans and in animal experiments. To investigate the feasibility of using urinary calcium as a biomarker of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium, two areas were selected in this study, namely, a polluted area with a 3.71 mg/kg cadmium concentration in rice and a control area with a 0.07 mg/kg cadmium concentration. The total number of participants was 499, made up of 252 in the control group and 247 from the cadmium-polluted area. Urinary cadmium, urinary calcium, and zinc concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase in urine were analyzed. The levels of urinary cadmium and urinary calcium in persons from the exposed area were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control area for both men and women, but there was no significant difference regarding urinary zinc between the two areas. A significant dose-response relationship between the prevalence of hypercalciuria and the excretion of urinary cadmium was observed, and a significantly increased prevalence of calciuria was found when excretion of urinary cadmium exceeded 2 &mgr;g/g creatinine. The findings were similar to those for excess urinary secretion of &bgr;2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-&bgr;-d-glucosaminidase. Because cadmium can affect Ca2+ uptake by tubular cells, with decreased renal Ca2+ reabsorption, calciuria may reflect tubular cell damage caused by cadmium. It was concluded that cadmium exposure can result in increased excretion of urinary calcium in a general population and that there is a significant dose-response relationship. Urinary calcium can therefore be used as a biomarker of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium.


Environmental Research | 2008

Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice

Xunwei Wu; Yihuai Liang; Taiyi Jin; Tingting Ye; Qinghu Kong; Zaijuan Wang; Lijian Lei; Ingvar A. Bergdahl; Gunnar F. Nordberg

Cadmium is a well-known nephrotoxic agent with extremely long biological half-time of 10-30 years in human. To investigate the evolution of cadmium-induced renal effects in the population, a number of 148 residents who lived in cadmium-polluted area were followed-up for 3 years after the reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. Urinary cadmium (UCd), beta(2)-microglobulin (B2M) and albumin (ALB) were analyzed in 1995 and 1998, respectively. The results demonstrated that the changes of renal effects of residents depended on the levels of UCd before inflow of cadmium to human body declined. In cases where UCd were less than 10 microg/g creatinine in 1995, evidence was found indicating significant decreases in proteinuria (i.e., B2M and ALB) 3 years later, whereas, in cases where the excretion of UCd exceeded 10 microg/g creatinine in 1995, progression was observed. The study of dose-response relationships between UCd and B2M or ALB also showed that the cadmium-induced renal dysfunction might be reversible if UCd concentration was low-level before exposure decreasing, otherwise it might be irreversible or aggravated.


Biometals | 2004

Effects on the prostate of environmental cadmium exposure – A cross-sectional population study in China

Xiangbin Zeng; Taiyi Jin; Xuezi Jiang; Qinhu Kong; Tingting Ye; Gunnar F. Nordberg

To explore possible effects of environmental cadmium exposure on prostate in humans, and the possible relationship of serum sex hormones to occurrence of clinic signs of tissue changes in the prostate, a case-control study was undertaken in the southeast part of China in 1998. A total of 297 male volunteers from a control area and two cadmium-polluted areas were included as subjects in this study. All the subjects were required to answer a questionnaire and to undergo a complete physical examination including digital-rectal examination (DRE). Blood and urine samples were collected. Serum total prostate specific antigen (PSA), total serum testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay and enzymeimmunoassay method, respectively. The data of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) and blood cadmium (B-Cd) were obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as an indicator of cadmium body burden. Statistical analysis was applied to investigate a possible relation between cadmium exposure and prostate pathological changes. The results show that there is a clear dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure and the prevalence of cases with abnormal PSA. The blood cadmium content in cases with positive DRE was significantly higher than that of subjects with negative DRE (P<0.05). Significant differences in the level of FSH between cases with positive DRE and the normal subjects were also noted (P<0.05). These results indicate that chronic environmental cadmium exposure is associated with injuries to human prostate. A possible relationship to changes in circulating sex hormones needs further investigation.


Biometals | 2002

Cadmium biomonitoring and renal dysfunction among a population environmentally exposed to cadmium from smelting in China (ChinaCad)

Taiyi Jin; Monica Nordberg; Wolfgang Frech; Xavier Dumont; Alfred Bernard; Tingting Ye; Qinghu Kong; Zaijuan Wang; Pingjian Li; Nils-Göran Lundström; Yadong Li; Gunnar F. Nordberg


Environmental Research | 2004

Osteoporosis and renal dysfunction in a general population exposed to cadmium in China.

Taiyi Jin; Gunnar F. Nordberg; Tingting Ye; Meihua Bo; Hongfu Wang; Guoying Zhu; Qinghu Kong; Alfred Bernard


Biometals | 2004

Environmental epidemiological study and estimation of benchmark dose for renal dysfunction in a cadmium-polluted area in China

Taiyi Jin; Xunwei Wu; Yinqi Tang; Monica Nordberg; Alfred Bernard; Tingting Ye; Qinhu Kong; Nils-Göoran Lundström; Gunnar F. Nordberg


Biometals | 2004

Renal dysfunction of cadmium-exposed workers residing in a cadmium-polluted environment.

Taiyi Jin; Qinghu Kong; Tingting Ye; Xunwei Wu; Gunnar F. Nordberg


Environmental Research | 2004

Impact of cadmium exposure on male sex hormones : a population-based study in China.

Xiangbin Zeng; Taiyi Jin; J. P. Buchet; Xuezi Jiang; Qinghu Kong; Tingting Ye; Alfred Bernard; Gunnar F. Nordberg


Journal of Industrial Hygiene | 2006

Application of Benchmark dose (BMD) in estimating biological exposure limit (BEL)

Shao B; Taiyi Jin; Qian Hl; Xunwei Wu; Qinhu Kong; Tingting Ye

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Alfred Bernard

Catholic University of Leuven

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J. P. Buchet

Catholic University of Leuven

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