Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto

Shaking the Tree: Multi-locus Sequence Typing Usurps Current Onchocercid (Filarial Nematode) Phylogeny.

During the past twenty years, a number of molecular analyses have been performed to determine the evolutionary relationships of Onchocercidae, a family of filarial nematodes encompassing several species of medical or veterinary importance. However, opportunities for broad taxonomic sampling have been scarce, and analyses were based mainly on 12S rDNA and coxI gene sequences. While being suitable for species differentiation, these mitochondrial genes cannot be used to infer phylogenetic hypotheses at higher taxonomic levels. In the present study, 48 species, representing seven of eight subfamilies within the Onchocercidae, were sampled and sequences of seven gene loci (nuclear and mitochondrial) analysed, resulting in the hitherto largest molecular phylogenetic investigation into this family. Although our data support the current hypothesis that the Oswaldofilariinae, Waltonellinae and Icosiellinae subfamilies separated early from the remaining onchocercids, Setariinae was recovered as a well separated clade. Dirofilaria, Loxodontofilaria and Onchocerca constituted a strongly supported clade despite belonging to different subfamilies (Onchocercinae and Dirofilariinae). Finally, the separation between Splendidofilariinae, Dirofilariinae and Onchocercinae will have to be reconsidered.

Comparison of rapid diagnostic test Plasmotec Malaria-3, microscopy, and quantitative real-time PCR for diagnoses of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in Mimika Regency, Papua, Indonesia.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization recommends malaria be diagnosed by standard microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) before treatment. RDTs have been used with greater frequency in the absence of matching blood slide confirmation in the majority of RDT reported cases in Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia. Given the importance of RDT in current health system as point-of-care tool, careful validation of RDT product performance for providing accurate malaria diagnosis is critical.MethodsPlasmotec Malaria-3 (XW-P07) performance was evaluated by comparing it with paired blood film microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Consecutive whole blood samples were derived from one clinic in Mimika as part of routine passive malaria case detection. RDT results were read by two trained technicians and interpreted by consensus. Expert microscopic examination of blood slides was cross-checked by observer-blinded second reader and a third examiner if discordant between examinations. qPCR was used as the ‘gold standard’, followed by microscopy for the outcome/disease variable. Comparison analysis included sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (PPV & NPV), and other diagnostic screening performance measures for detecting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections.ResultsOverall malaria positive samples from qPCR was 42.2% (175/415 samples); and from matching blood slides 40.5% (168/415) of which those infections with relatively low parasite densities ≤100/μl blood was 5.7% of P. falciparum and 16.5% of P. vivax samples examined. Overall RDT performance when compared with microscopy for detecting P. falciparum was Sn:92%, Sp:96.6%, PPV:88%, NPV:97.8%, Kappa:0.87; and for P. vivax Sn:72.9%, Sp:99.1%, PPV:95.4%, NPV:93.4%, Kappa:0.79. Overall RDT performance when compared with qPCR for detecting P. falciparum was Sn:92%, Sp:96.6%, PPV:88%, NPV:97.8%, Kappa:0.87; and for P. vivax Sn:66%, Sp:99.1%, PPV:95.4%, NPV:90.9%, Kappa:0.73.ConclusionsPlasmotec Malaria-3 test showed good overall performance scores in precision for detecting P. falciparum, but lower values regarding sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio for detecting P. vivax, a finding partly associated with greater frequency of lower density P. vivax infections compared to P. falciparum in this study. In particular, the negative likelihood ratio (>0.1) for P. vivax detection indicates RDT lacked sufficient discriminating exclusion power falling below general acceptance criteria.

Systematics of Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp and a sibling species of the Barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in eastern Java, Indonesia

This study provides the first integrated morphological and molecular characterization of Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp, the nominotypical member of the Barbirostris Complex of malaria vectors in the Oriental Region, and An. vanderwulpisp.n., a sibling species of the complex found in sympatry with An. barbirostris in the vicinity of its type locality in eastern Java, Indonesia. The adult, larval and pupal stages of An. barbirostris are described and compared with those of An. vanderwulpi. The two species, however, are essentially isomorphic. The genetic identity of An. barbirostris s.s. is based on a diagnostic cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence to ensure stable use of the specific name for the prevalent concept of the species. The genetic identity of the new species is also established. Diagnostic DNA sequences for these species serve as a foundation for further taxonomic studies, and for investigations into their roles in the transmission of malaria and filariasis. The discussion includes a brief review of Anopheles classification and species complexes.

Magnitude of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Indonesia at Postmillennium Development Goals Era

The world will enter the postmillennium development goals 2015 era. The achievements of the millennium development goals (MDGs) as a global development target need to be evaluated. A sustainable new reasonable target is important for neglected tropical diseases (NTD) elimination in Indonesia. This review describes the NTD situation in Indonesia and highlights problems beneath the NTD transmission. Multidisciplinary approach is a promising strategy to help the marginalized people.

Assessment of vertical dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti and serotype prevalence in Bantul, Indonesia

Abstract Objective To determine the reality of dengue virus (DENV) serotype circulation in Bantul and the potential impact of a vertical transmission in the maintenance of dengue. Methods Mosquitoes were captured using ovitraps in the vicinity of households of patients diagnosed with severe forms of dengue. DENV was detected in mosquitoes by immunochemistry and typed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with DENV were found in 14 out of 17 districts in the Bantul Regency. Vertical transmission was demonstrated and serotype prevalence was coherent with the current clinical situation and the previous reports. DENV-3 was the most common serotype (12 districts), followed by DENV-2 (3 districts) and DENV-4 (1 district). No DENV-1 was found. Conclusions Unlike continental countries such as Cambodia or Thailand, where the replacement of serotypes is the rule, maintenance of DENV-3 is a major feature in Java. Vertical transmission is likely to play a major role along with the archipelago structure of Indonesia, which might help maintaining local mosquito populations. Regular survey of circulating DENV and prevalence will help predicting and controlling outbreaks.

Vertical transmission of dengue virus in the Yogyakarta airport area

BackgroundInternational Health Regulations controls international travel including human movement, disease vector, and imported items to prevent the spread of dengue, especially in seaports, airports, and border crossing posts. This study aimed to determine dengue Transovarial Transmission Index (TTI) and distribution of dengue virus in the areas around Adisucipto Airport of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.MethodsThe study was a descriptive analytic study with cross sectional design, conducted by mapping the spread of the dengue virus and identifying TTI in Adisucipto Airport. A total of 145 ovitraps were installed in both perimeter and buffer areas of the airport. Positive Ovitrap Index (OI), TTI, and serotype of dengue virus were examined. The TTI was identified using immunocytochemistry immunoperoxidase streptavidin biotin complex (IISBC) method in mosquito head squash preparations.ResultsOI in the buffer area was 32 (45.1%), whereas OI in the perimeter area was 24 (32.4%). The TTI in the buffer and perimeter areas were 21 (18.3%) and 11 (18.9%), respectively. The TTI was found greater in the Aedes aegypti population compared to the Aedes albopictus population, both in the perimeter area (20% versus 16.7%) and the buffer area (20.3% versus 16.1%). Dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) and dengue virus serotype-3 (DENV-3) were predominantly found in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.ConclusionsBuffer areas of Adisucipto Airport of Yogyakarta have higher risk as breeding sites for Aedes spp., predominantly DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes. High OI shows that the areas are likely to have higher risk of developing dengue outbreak.

Japanese encephalitis in Indonesia: An update on epidemiology and transmission ecology

The Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus circulation in Indonesia was first documented in Lombok in 1960, and the virus was first isolated in 1972 from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Bekasi, West Java and Kapuk, West Jakarta. Since then, Indonesia has been recognized as an endemic country for JE transmission. Up to now, JE cases have been found in at least 29 provinces, with Bali, West Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, West Java and East Java, being the areas of highest incidence. However, routine surveillance on JE has not been established at the national level even though many surveys were conducted. JEV has been isolated from 10 mosquito species: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Anopheles vagus, An. kochi, An. annularis, and Armigeres subalbatus. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the main JE vector in Indonesia. JE has been detected throughout the Indonesian archipelago from West to East. However, due to a lack of routine, systematic and standardized diagnostic approaches, the JE burden has still not been clearly established yet. Long term and systematic JE surveillance across Indonesia is a priority, the burden needs to be better assessed and appropriate control measures must be implemented.

Spatial Analysis on Vulnerability to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Kotabaru Subdistrict, Jambi Municipality, Jambi Province

Introduction: High incidence of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict was high even endemic in all villages. Utilization of Geographical Information System technology integrated with the wide of settlement land, the density of Aedes sp, maya index, resistance and transovarial of virDen, got a picture or map vulnerable areas prone event of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict. Objectives: This study to map areas vulnerable to dengue hemorrhagic fever is based on the highest incidence of DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict, Jambi Municipality. Methods: This study is an observational survey with cross sectional design. The variable of the study was population density, the wide of settlement land, the density of Aedes sp. population, rainfall, vector vulnerability, and transovarial of virDen. Results: The result showed population density had no correlation to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) incidence, whereas the wide of settlement land (p=0.004) and population density of Aedes sp. (p=0.001) influenced DHF incidence. The number water containers controllable sites (89%) and percentage of Maya Index (p=<0.001) was high influenced DHF incidence. Rainfall not influenced DHF incidence. The vector resistance not influenced the high of DHF incidence and the high of DHF incidence was not influenced by transovarial of virDen. The high vulnerability to DHF in Kotabaru Subdistrict occurred in 2 villages and the intermediate vulnerability happens in 4 villages. The area with intermediate vulnerability generally have direct border to the village with high vulnerability category. Keywords: Spatial, Maya Index, Resistance, DHF

Epidemiologi Filariasis Limfatik di Kecamatan Kota Besi, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah

Abstrak Di Kawasan Asia Tenggara sebanyak 60% penduduk telah terinfeksi filariasis. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan profil kesehatan Indonesia, setiap tahunnya terjadi peningkatan kasus filariasis. Pada tahun 2008 dilaporkan sebanyak 11.699 kasus. Distribusi penyakit yang cenderung tersebar di wilayah pedalaman menjadikan data-data epidemiologi yang dibutuhkan untuk program eliminasi filariasis menjadi terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui spesies vektor filariasis beserta aspek bionomiknya, mengetahui spesies mikrofilaria penyebab filariasis limfatik dan mengetahui gambaran klinis manusia penderita filariasis limfatik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif, jumlah sampel sebanyak 386 sampel warga yang bersedia menjadi responden dan diambil darahnya. Pengambilan darah kapiler dilakukan pada malam hari dengan cara pengambilan sampel seperti lingkaran obat nyamuk bakar. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan sebanyak 10 kali menggunakan umpan orang dalam rumah dan luar rumah, menggunakan light trap serta pada pagi hari. Penelitian yang dilakukan dari Februari hingga Juni mendapatkan 386 sampel darah, jumlah ini dibawah target awal karena banyak penduduk yang tidak bersedia diambil darahnya. Dari 386 sampel darah tepi yang diperiksa terdapat 4 orang yang mikrofilaremia, kepadatan rerata mikrofilaria dalam darah sebesar 4,45 dan spesies filaria yang ditemukan adalah Brugia malayi. Periodisitas mikrofilaria berdasarkan analisis Das & Aikat (1976) ada periodik nokturnal dengan sifat gelombang harmonik dan ada pula yang sub-periodik nokturnal dengan sifat gelombang non harmonik. Mf rate sebesar 1,04 %, Acute Disease Rate sebesar 5,44 %, sedangkan Cronic Disease Rate 0%. Hasil penangkapan vektor selama 5 bulan memperoleh nyamuk sebanyak 23.194 ekor, nyamuk paling banyak tertangkap adalah Mansonia uniformis (25,60%), kemudian Ma. Bonneae (20,70%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (19,41%), An. maculatus (16,75%), An. balabacensis (15,27%), Ae. albopictus (1,39%), Ae. aegypti (0,88%). Kepadatan paling tinggi pada bulan Juni dengan puncak aktivitas menggigit pada pukul 21.00-22.00, namun dalam penelitian ini tidak ditemukan larva 3 (L3) dalam tubuh nyamuk yang diperiksa, sehingga perlu dilakukan percobaan di laboratorium dengan menggunakan membrane feeding. Filariasis yang terjadi di Kotabesi merupakan filariasis limfatik yang disebabkan oleh Brugia malayi, terjadi infeksi pada malam hari terkait dengan perilaku nyamuk yang kemungkinan berperan sebagai vektor. Kata Kunci: Brugia malayi, Filariasis limfatik, Periodisitas, Mansonia uniformis\