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Radiotherapy and Oncology | 1987

Total body irradiation—review of treatment techniquesin Europe

Ulrich Quast

Summary In treatment of acute leukaemia and other disseminated diseases, high dose total body irradiation (TBI)combined with intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is used more and more successfully. Reflecting the complex clinical, biological, physical and technical situation of TBI, a large variety of TBI treatment techniques has been developed. In order to review the techniques applied in Europe and to report about common methods as well as about new ideas in TBI, a questionnaire was prepared and mailed to medical physicists in Europe responsible for TBI. The topics of this questionnaire are general information: TBI technique (beams, fields, treatment conditions); basic TBI dosimetry; physical treatment planning (patient dosimetry, heterogeneity correction, dose modification, dose homogeneity, dose precision, confirmation measurements); TBI treatment planning (dose prescription, localization, documentation, verification, in vivo dosimetry); requirements (additional staff, time, equipment) and recommendations for improvement of TBI. Most questionnaires (34/45) were returned in time with detailed information from TBI centres in 15 European countries. These data as well as results of the Meeting of Leiden, 1982 of the Meeting of Essen, 1985 and of the Meeting of Toulouse, 1986 are summarized and discussed. There are many interesting methods to plan and perform exact TBI. However, anterior-posterior TBI is preferred to achieve sufficient homogeneity of dose and effective lung shielding. While the development of TBI has reached a high level of exactness, further improvement will require a better knowledge of the dose-effect relationships.


Herz | 1998

Endovascular brachytherapy — Treatment planning and radiation protection

Ulrich Quast; D. Flühs; Markus Bambynek

The risk of restenosis, main late effect limiting the success of percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, can be reduced significantly by vascular radiotherapy, subsequent to PTCA. This discovery lead to the development of new irradiation techniques. Endovascular brachytherapy is the choice in treatment of coronary artery stenosis. Successful irradiation, however, requires precise treatment planning. This review addresses the physical possibilities and problems of intravascular brachytherapy planning, and the radiobiologically based definition of the target volume and of structures at risk. Recommendations for dose specification, recording and reporting are given. The criteria for selecting a vascular radiotherapy technique are discussed as well as the possibilities of dosimetric treatment planning and quality assurance based on precise plastic scintillator dosimetry and intravascular ultrasound. Radiation protection and safety must be reconsidered prior to the usage of therapeutic radiation sources in the catheter laboratory and for the decision about emergency plans. Finally, the design of clinical trials, the role of medical physicists, and the future of irradiation treatment of stenosis is discussed.ZusammenfassungDie Restenosierung begrenzt als wesentliche Spätreaktion den Erfolg der perkutanen transluminalen Koronarangioplastie (PTCA) bei der Behandlung von Atherosklerosen. Doch jüngste tierexperimentelle und erste klinische Studien bestätigen, daß durch eine vaskuläre Strahlentherapie mit niedrigen Strahlendosen um 20 Gy die Wahrscheinlich der Restenosierung stark gesenkt werden kann. Diese Ergebnisse haben eine stürmische Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet der endovasalen Brachytherapie ausgelöst. Viele neue Bestrahlungstechniken und Strahlenquellen sind entwickelt worden. Die endovasale Brachytherapie mit hochenergetischen Betastrahlern oder niederenergetischen Photonenstrahlern ist zur Behandlung der Koronararterien am besten geeignet, während für die weiteren, peripheren Gefäße Photonen höherer Energie benötigt werden. Voraussetzung zur erfolgreichen Strahlenbehandlung ist die sorgfältige Bestrahlungsplanung. Neue biologische Erkenntnisse zeigen, daß die gesamte Wandung (einschließlich der Adventitia) des durch die interventionelle Maßnahme geschädigten Gefäßabschnittes das Zielvolumen der Strahlentherapie ist. Zur individuellen Bestrahlungsplanung ermöglicht die intravaskuläre Ultraschalltomografie (IVUS) die genaue Lokalisation, während die hochauflösende Plastikszintillator-Dosimetrie die exakte Messung der räumlichen Dosisverteilung endovasaler Strahlenquellen erlaubt. Die Möglichkeiten und Probleme der endovasalen Bestrahlungsplanung werden in dieser Übersicht diskutiert, die Definition von Zielvolumen und Risikostrukturen, die internationalen Empfehlungen zur Strahlerkalibrierung und_-charakterisierung, zur Dosisspezifikation und Dokumentation, die Leistungsfähigkeiten der IVUS-Lokalisation und Plastikszintillator-Dosimetrie zur schnellen dosimetrischen Bestrahlungsplanung sowie die Anforderungen an Strahlenschutz und Sicherheit, an klinische Studien und Routineanwendungen.


Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine | 2001

The influence of guiding equipment and stents on the beta dose distribution in the brachytherapy of in-stent restenosis

D. Flühs; Carsten Wilke; Christoph Naber; Marcus Hienz; Markus Bambynek; Christoph Kaiser; Irene Langner; Dietrich Baumgart; Wolfgang Sauerwein; Dietrich Wegener; Ulrich Quast

BACKGROUNDnIntracoronary devices such as stents or guide wires may disturb the dose distribution of beta sources in cardiovascular brachytherapy. As clinical observations indicate that underdosage increases the risk of restenosis, accurate measurements are mandatory to investigate these effects.nnnMETHODS AND RESULTSnDose perturbation effects of different interventional equipment were systematically determined. Dose distributions of 90Sr-beta line sources were measured by means of a special set-up employing plastic scintillator dosimeters in a water phantom. Shielding effects were found to be 2-5% for single stents and 5-10% for graft stents, stent-in-stent geometries, and guiding catheters. Guide wires close to the source reduced the dose by 25-30%.nnnCONCLUSIONSnBeta dose perturbation effects of typical stent types are almost negligible and can be corrected by an increased source dwell time if necessary. Guide wires produce effects which are clinically much more important and should therefore be retracted from the irradiation area.


Herz | 1997

Die intravasale Strahlenbehandlung zur kombinierten Therapie und Prävention der Restenosierung

Dietrich Baumgart; Ulrich Quast; Raimund Erbel

Despite numerous efforts in catheter technology and procedural approaches the problem of restenosis in interventional cardiology persists. Although the implantation of coronary stents has significantly reduced restenosis rates based on the inhibition of elastic recoil, intimal proliferation as the second major mechanism for postinterventional restenosis could not effectively be suppressed. Intimal proliferation is the response to vessel injury following interventional procedure, e.g. balloon angioplasty. It results in the adhesion of mono- and lymphocytes which themselves trigger the colonisation of myofibroblasts. Intracoronary irradiation seeks to prevent this proliferative process as it destroys or irreversibly alters DNA structures of cells at the site of balloon injury. The antiproliferative effect depends on the irradiation dosis, the timing and the cell cycle phase. Mainly beta- and gamma-radiation is used for intracoronary irradiation. Beta-emitters are characterized by a sharp decline of dose rate within millimeters from the actual source. The exposure to surrounding tissue as well the catheter staff can be kept to a minimum. The high intensity of beta-emitters allow a short treatment period of minutes to gain an effective radiation dose to the target. In contrast, gamma-emitters have a low radial dose distribution resulting in high dosage even centimeters away from the source. These emitters require additional shielding in the catheter laboratory and lead to excessive whole body doses. To achieve a sufficient dose in the target tissue, irradiation times of more than 20 minutes are necessary which prolongs the interventional procedure substantially. At present, catheter based systems or radioactive implantable stents are available to deliver the required dose. Catheter based systems seem more flexible in a number of considerations. On the other hand they require a substantial amount of hardware. Beta-emitting stents are implanted via a conventional stent delivery system with small shielding modifications. However, stents emit an inhomogeneous radiation profile due to the mesh-like structure. In addition, not every lesion can be reached by a stent nor does every lesion require a stent solely to deliver radiation. External irradiation is presently not recommended due to its ineffectiveness and the high rate of side effects. In the experimental setting the porcine model comes closest to the clinical situation in man. Animal experiments have demonstrated the effective reduction of intimal proliferation using beta- and gamma-sources in a wide dose range of 3 to 56 Gy. Although the initial and early results are convincing little is know about the long term results. Only few studies have been and are currently performed in patients. Some of these investigations demonstrate a significant reduction of restenosis rate after 6 months. Again, information on long-term results are lacking. It has to be considered that perivascular fibrosis, which may occur with a delay of 5 to 10 years depending on the dosage, could curtail the initial success. Intracoronary irradiation is a promising method for the prevention of restenosis. The dose finding with respect to the dose effect relation, the determination of the therapeutic window and the timing of irradiation have to be further defined in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, intracoronary irradiation remains high on the priority list in fighting restenosis.ZusammenfassungDas größte Problem der interventionellen Therapie liegt trotz signifikanter Verbesserungen der Kathetertechnik nach wie vor im Auftreten von Restenosen. Die Implantation von Gefäßstützen, die dem elastischen Kollaps des Gefäßes entgegenwirken, hat zwar zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Zahl der Restenosen geführt. Die Intimaproliferation als zweiter wichtiger Pathomechanismus der Restenose konnte aber trotz umfangreicher Versuche bisher nicht erfolgreich verhindert werden.Die Intimaproliferation entsteht als Reaktion auf die Gefäßverletzung nach interventionellen Maßnahmen, zum Beispiel einer Ballondilatation, indem Mono- und Lymphozyten das Einsprossen von Myofibroblasten katalysieren. Hier soll die intrakoronare Bestrahlungstherapie durch Zerstörung der DNA die Zellproliferation der Myofibroblasten hemmen. Dabei ist die antiproliferative Wirkung von der Strahlendosis, dem Bestrahlungszeitpunkt und der Zellzyklusphase abhängig.Zur intrakoronaren Strahlentherapie stehen β- und γ-Strahlen zur Verfügung. β-Strahler zeichnen sich durch einen starken Dosisabfall wenige Millimeter von der Strahlenquelle entfernt aus. Dadurch werden das umliegende Gewebe wie auch das Katheterpersonal nur einer geringen Strahlendosis ausgesetzt. Durch eine hohe Strahlenintensität beträgt die Behandlungsdauer nur wenige Minuten. Im Gegensatz dazu haben γ-Strahler eine erhöhte Tiefenwirkung mit entsprechender Strahlenbelastung für die Umgebung. Um eine ausreichend hohe Dosis im Zielgewebe zu erreichen, sind mehr als 20 Minuten Bestrahlung notwendig.Derzeit stehen kathetergestützte Verfahren sowie radioaktive Stents zur Behandlung zur Verfügung. Kathetergestützte Verfahren sind insgesamt flexibler in der Anwendung. Sie erfordern jedoch einen hohen apparativen Aufwand. Stents haben ein inhomogenes Strahlenprofil und können nicht an jeder Stelle des Koronarbaums implantiert werden. Externe Bestrahlungsformen werden aufgrund der mangelnden Wirksamkeit und der hohen Nebenwirkungsraten nicht empfohlen.Im Tierexperiment hat sich das Schwein als bestes Restenosemodell für den Vergleich zum Menschen erwiesen. Hier konnten intrakoronare β- und γ-Bestrahlungen mit 3 bis 56 Gy eine effektive Reduktion der Intimaproliferation bewirken.Bisher liegen nur wenige Untersuchungen am Menschen vor. Diese Untersuchungen an kleinen Kollektiven berichten zum großen Teil über eine deutliche Reduktion der Restenosen nach sechs Monaten. Langzeitergebnisse der intrakoronaren Bestrahlung liegen bisher nicht vor. Hier könnten fibrotische Prozesse, die je nach Dosis mit einer Latenz von fünf bis zehn Jahren auftreten können, die initialen Erfolge schmälern. Die intrakoronare Strahlentherapie ist eine vielversprechende Methode zur Prävention der Restenose. Die Dosisfindung im Sinne einer Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung, die Festlegung des therapeutischen Fensters und der Zeitpunkt der Bestrahlung sind in der klinischen Anwendung noch nicht ausreichend definiert. Dennoch ist die Strahlentherapie das derzeit hoffnungsvollste Konzept im Kampf gegen die Restenose.SummaryDespite numerous efforts in catheter technology and procedural approaches the problem of restenosis in interventional cardiology persists. Although the implantation of coronary stents has significantly reduced restenosis rates based on the inhibition of elastic recoil, intimal proliferation as the second major mechanism for postinterventional restenosis could not effectively be suppressed.Intimal proliferation is the response to vessel injury following interventional procedure, e. g. balloon angioplasty. It results in the adhesion of mono- and lymphocytes which themselves trigger the colonisation of myofibroblasts. Intracoronary irradiation seeks to prevent this proliferative process as it destroys or irreversibly alters DNA structures of cells at the site of balloon injury. The antiproliferative effect depends on the irradiation dosis, the timing and the cell cycle phase.Mainly β- and γ-radiation is used for intracoronary irradiation. β-emitters are characterized by a sharp decline of dose rate within millimeters from the actual source. The exposure to surrounding tissue as well the catheter staff can be kept to a minimum. The high intensity of β-emitters allow a short treatment period of minutes to gain an effective radiation dose to the target. In contrast, γ-emitters have a low radial dose distribution resulting in high dosage even centimeters away from the source. These emitters require additional shielding in the catheter laboratory and lead to excessive whole body doses. To achieve a sufficient dose in the target tissue, irradiation times of more than 20 minutes are necessary which prolongs the interventional procedure substantially.At present, catheter based systems or radioactive implantable stents are available to deliver the required dose. Catheter based systems seem more flexible in a number of considerations. On the other hand they require a substantial amount of hardware. β-emitting stents are implanted via a conventional stent delivery system with small shielding modifications. However, stents emit an inhomogeneous radiation profile due to the mesh-like structure. In addition, not every lesion can be reached by a stent nor does every lesion require a stent solely to deliver radiation. External irradiation is presently not recommended due to its ineffectiveness and the high rate of side effects.In the experimental setting the porcine model comes closest to the clinical situation in man. Animal experiments have demonstrated the effective reduction of intimal proliferation using β- and γ-sources in a wide dose range of 3 to 56 Gy. Although the initial and early results are convincing little is know about the long term results.Only few studies have been and are currently performed in patients. Some of these investigations demonstrate a significant reduction of restenosis rate after 6 months. Again, information on long-term results are lacking. It has to be considered that perivascular fibrosis, which may occur with a delay of 5 to 10 years depending on the dosage, could curtail the intial success. Intracoronary irradiation is a promising method for the prevention of restenosis. The dose finding with respect to the dose effect relation, the determination of the therapeutic window and the timing of irradiation have to be further defined in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, intracoronary irradiation remains high on the priority list in fighting restenosis.


Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie | 2002

Dose finding in intracoronary brachytherapy--consequences from empirical trials.

Dietrich Baumgart; Wolfgang Sauerwein; Christoph Naber; Peter Meusers; Ulrich Quast; Holger Eggebrecht; Raimund Erbel

Die In-Stent-Restenose ist mit einer hohen Inzidenz von repetetiven Restenosen verbunden und stellt nach wie vor eine der größten Herausforderungen in der interventionellen Kardiologie dar. Randomisierte plazebokontrollierte Studien konnten nachweisen, dass sowohl die intrakoronare Beta- als auch die Gammabestrahlung die Inzidenz der Restenose sowie die klinischen Ereignisse nach perkutaner koronarer Intervention reduziert werden können. Dies gilt bei der In-Stent-Restenose sowohl für fokale Läsionen als auch für Stenosen mit moderater Länge. Trotz der großen Anzahl klinischen Studien und der überaus beeindruckenden und überzeugenden Daten ist die Dosisfindung bei den meisten klinischen Untersuchungen empirisch. Die Dosisfindung bleibt damit eine offene Frage in diesem neuen Feld der perkutanen interventionellen Techniken. Derzeitige klinische Untersuchungen haben unzweifelhaft zeigen können, dass es eine klare Dosisabhängigkeit für die Inhibition der Intimaproliferation gibt und eine signifikante Effektivität zur Behandlung der In-Stent Restenose in einem Dosisbereich um 20 Gy herum liegt. Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Daten weisen jedoch daraufhin, dass die klinischen Ergebnisse und vor allem Inzidenz der Restenose weiter durch eine Dosissteigerung verbessert werden könnte. Eine kontrollierte Dosiseskalation scheint daher gerechtfertigt und ist aus den bisherigen Daten nicht mit einem erhöhten Risiko von schweren kardialen Ereignissen verbunden. Der nachstehende Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die theoretischen Grundlagen der Dosierung für die intrakoronare Strahlentherapie, präsentiert neue Daten aus wichtigen klinischen Studien in verschiedenen Aspekten und eröffnet neue Perspektiven für die erfolgreiche Behandlung der In-Stent-Restenose. In-stent restenosis has been shown to be associated with a high recurrence rate of repetitive restenosis and remains a challenging task in interventional cardiology. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials have established that beta- as well as gamma-based vascular brachytherapy reduces the incidence of restenosis and clinical event rates following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of in-stent restenosis with focal and moderate length. Despite the number of clinical trials with impressive and convincing data, dose finding in most trials is empirical and remains an open question in this fairly new field of percutaneous interventional procedures. Current clinical trials have unequivocally demonstrated a clear dose dependency for the inhibition of intimal proliferation and a significant effectiveness for the treatment of in-stent restenosis with a dose around 20 Gy. Theoretical considerations and empirical data, however, support the need for a dose escalation with current systems to even further improve clinical results. A controlled dose escalation seems, thus, justified and is apparently not related with an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. The current article gives an overview about theoretical considerations of dosing for intracoronary brachytherapy, presents recent data from important clinical trials in different views, and opens new perspectives for the successful treatment of in-stent restenosis.


Radiotherapy and Oncology | 1994

17 Tissue equivalent plastic scintillator probes: Fast, precise 192Ir afterloading dosimetry Dosimetric treatment planning & verification

D. Flühs; F. Indenkämpen; M. Heintz; H. Kolanoski; Ulrich Quast


Radiotherapy and Oncology | 1996

226Endo-vascular β-radiotherapy in preventing restenosis fast and precise 3D dosimetric treatment planning and quality assurance

Ulrich Quast; D. Flühs; M. Bambynek; M. Heintz; H. Sack


Radiotherapy and Oncology | 1995

Plastic scintillator dosimetry in regions with restricted secondary electron equilibrium

D. Flühs; M. Heintz; F. Indenkämpen; H. Kolanoski; Ulrich Quast


Radiotherapy and Oncology | 1994

3 Tissue equivalent plastic scintillator probes: Fast, precise 192Ir afterloading dosimetry Principles and clinical application

Ulrich Quast; D. Flühs; M. Heintz; F. Indenkämpen; H. Kolanoski


Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie | 2002

Dosisfindung bei intrakoronarer Strahlentherapie ? Konsequenzen der klinischen Untersuchungen

Dietrich Baumgart; Wolfgang Sauerwein; Christoph Naber; Peter Meusers; Ulrich Quast; Holger Eggebrecht; Raimund Erbel

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D. Flühs

Technical University of Dortmund

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Dietrich Baumgart

University of Duisburg-Essen

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M. Heintz

Technical University of Dortmund

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Raimund Erbel

University of Duisburg-Essen

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Christoph Naber

University of Duisburg-Essen

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Holger Eggebrecht

University of Duisburg-Essen

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Carsten Wilke

Technical University of Dortmund

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Dietrich Wegener

Technical University of Dortmund

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