Unsal Dogru

Interspecific hybridisation in Lolium evaluated by morphological genetic markers

Abstract Interspecific hybridisation between tet‐raploid Lolium perenne L. (Lp) and L. multiflorum Lam. (Lm) was investigated by using morphological genetic markers. Fluorescent‐root and awned‐floret phenotypes are dominant in Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum), so seed‐parent Italian ryegrass plants were emasculated to eliminate the possibility of self‐fertilisation. The percentages of germination were 84.3% in Lp x Lm and 90.6% in Lm x Lp crosses. The fluorescent seedlings were 81.8% in Lp × Lm and 83.7% in Lm × Lp crosses, and interspecific hybrids were 88.8 and 97.3%, respectively. The percentage of self‐fertilisation was 4.0% in the perennial ryegrass. Pollen viability was 90.2% in the Lp × Lm and 91.0% in the reciprocal cross. The direction Lp × Lm seems to be a suitable method to produce interspecific hybrids on a mass scale.

Relationship Between Kappa-casein Polymorphism and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Abstract Özdemir, M. and Doğru, Ü. 2005. Relationship between kappa-casein polymorphism and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 101–104. To study the effect of kappa-casein polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for kappa-casein, AA, AB and BB variants using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Differences among breeds studied were not significant on gene variants. Although the effects of kappa-casein phenotypes on fat percentage and 305d fat yield in Brown Swiss and Holstein cows were found to be significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), there was no effect on milk yield, 305d milk yield, lactation period and milk fat yield. This study provides evidence that production and percentage of fat ratio can be maximized by the use of kappa-casein BB genotype and milk production by the use of kappa-casein AB genotype with selective goal in herds and increase in frequency of kappa-casein B genes in herd could contribute to significantly improve yield traits.

Meiotic behaviour in reciprocal tetraploid hybrids between perennial and Italian ryegrasses

Abstract Chromosome associations and chiasma frequencies at first metaphase (MI) were studied in allotetraploid reciprocal hybrids between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, Lp) and Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum, Lm), and parent autotetraploid perennial ryegrass. Preferential chromosome pairings were assessed in Lp × Lm and Lm × Lp hybrids. The reciprocal hybrids were found to have significantly higher frequencies of bivalent pairing and lower frequencies of quadrivalent pairing and chiasmata. The mean frequencies of total bivalents at MI were 6.820, 9.885 and 10.040 and total quadrivalent frequencies were 3.320, 1.775 and 1.760 in the autotetraploid parent and the Lp × Lm and Lm × Lp hybrids, respectively. The frequencies of chiasmata were 25.075, 23.455 and 23.315 in the parent and the Lp × Lm and Lm × Lp hybrids, respectively. The frequencies of preferential chromosome pairing in the Lp × Lm and Lm × Lp hybrids were 42.69 and 44.85%, respectively and the results indicate a significant degree of preferential bivalent association in the hybrids. An inverse relationship was found between the frequency of total bivalent and quadrivalent associations in the parent and the Lp × Lm and Lm × Lp hybrids. These reciprocal hybrids are potentially important breeding materials for developing new hybrid cultivars.

Determination of Genetic Distance Between East Anatolian Red, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Simmental Breeds of Cattle Using Polymorphic Systems

Abstract Dogru, U., Ozdemir, M., Soysal, M.I. and Topal, M. 2008. Determination of genetic distance between East Anatolian Red, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Simmental breeds of cattle using polymorphic systems. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 33: 145–148. Genetic distances were determined according to Nei, Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds methods between the Brown Swiss (173), Simmental (80), Holstein (18) and East Anatolian Red (51) cattle breeds using milk protein (αs1) and blood protein types (Hb and Tf). The distribution of phenotypic frequencies in all the four breeds for all systems except αs1-Cn was significant (P<0.01) using chi-square test. Phylogenetic trees based on the polymorphic systems of the populations obtained by three different methods of Nei, Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds were found to be similar. According to the phylogenetic trees Brown Swiss and Simmental cattle breeds fall in one group and dairy (Holstein) and Native (East Anatolian Red) breeds in different groups.

Genetic Polymorphism in Kappa-casein Gene Detected by PCR-RFLP in Cattle

Abstract Dogru, U., Ozdemir, M. and Ercisli, S. 2008. Genetic polymorphism in Kappa-casein gene detected by PCR-RFLP in cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 33: 65–68. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method has been used to detect polymorphism in Kappa-casein gene in cattle. A 351 bp Kappa-casein gene fragment was amplified and the PCR products were digested with four different restriction enzymes i.e. Alu I, Hind III, Hinf I and Taq I. All these enzymes were able to distinguish between Kappa-casein A and B types, however Hind III, Hinf I and Taq I were found more effective for kappa-casein variants than Alu I.

Relationships Between Beta-Lactoglobulin and Beta-Casein Polymorphisms and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Abstract Ozdemir, M and Dogru, U. 2007. Relationships between beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein polymorphisms and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 165–168. To study the effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and Beta-Casein (β-Cn) polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for β-Lg and β-Cn AA, AB and BB types using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis method. Differences of both β-Lg and β-Cn among breeds studied in terms of proportion of phenotype were significant on gene variants. While effects of β-Cn phenotypes on studied yield traits were not significant, there was a main effect of β-Lg genotype on fat concentration, actual milk yield, actual fat yield, 305 d fat yield and lactation period in Brown Swiss and Holstein cows, but not on 305-days milk yield. We suggest that production and percentage of fat ratio may be maximized by the use of β-Lg AA genotype and milk production by the use of β-Lg AB genotype with selective goal in herds.

Meiotic behaviour in natural diploid, tetraploid, and commercial diploid crested wheatgrass

Abstract Chiasma frequencies and chromosome associations at diakinesis and first metaphase (MI) were studied in natural and commercial diploid Ag‐ropyron cristatum and natural tetraploid Agropyron desertorum crested wheatgrass plants. The frequencies of bivalents were 6.988 and 6.980 at diakinesis and 6.980 and 6.976 at MI in the natural and commercial diploids, respectively. The frequencies of bivalents and quadrivalents in the natural tetraploid were 7.728 and 3.072 at diakinesis, and their frequencies at MI were 7.880 and 2.984, respectively. A few univalents were formed at diakinesis and MI in the three crested wheatgrasses, and these were generally associated with trivalents at the two stages in the tetraploid. There were positive and significant correlations between the frequencies of chiasmata at diakinesis and those of chiasmata at MI in the three crested wheatgrasses. Tetraploid A. desertorum, in particular, is thought to be an important breeding material for future studies when growth performance and meiotic regularity are taken into consideration.

Polymorphism on mtDNA D-loop and ND5 Regions Among Turkish Native Cattle Breeds Assessed by PCR-RFLP

Abstract Ozdemir, M., Dogru, U. and Ciftci, M. 2009. Polymorphism on mtDNA D-loop and ND5 regions among Turkish native cattle breeds assessed by PCR-RFLP. J. Appl Anim. Res., 36: 37–40. To determine the specific polymorphic sites of Turkish native cattle breeds (Turkish Grey, East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red and Anatolian Black) and genetic variations in mtDNA entire D-loop region with high mutation rate and 1100 bp of constant ND5 region were analyzed. In 910 bp of D-loop region, AluI, HaeIII, HpaII, AvaII, DraI and ApaI enzymes from ten restriction endonucleases, which have 17 restriction sites, showed polymorphic sites and 19 haplotypes were found. AluI, HaeIII, BglIí and SspI enzymes from ten restriction endonucleases, which have 25 restriction sites representing polymorphic sites, and 6 haplotypes were found in the ND5 region. Results of the cluster analysis carried out on the D-loop and ND5 region were similar to each other. East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red and Anatolian Black formed the common group distant from Turkish Grey.

Sığırların Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkili Önemli Moleküler Markörler / Major Molecular Markers Affecting on Production Traits in Cattle Breeding

OZET: Molekuler genetik teknikler bazi genlerde genetik varyasyonun tanimlanmasini ve QTL’deki varyasyonla verim ozellikleri arasindaki iliskileri incelemeye imkanlar saglamaktadir. Amac hayvanin genetik degerini daha yuksek bir dogrulukla tahmin etmek ve bunun sonucu olarak seleksiyonla elde edilen genetik kazanci artirmaktir. Son yillarda sigirlarin islahinda MAS kullanimiyla ilgili molekuler genetik tabanli calismalarin sayisi gunden gune artmaktadir. Hayvancilik alaninda yapilan bir cok molekuler genetik calismalarinda CSN2, CSN3, CSN1S1, LGB, DGAT1, BH, IGF, GHRH-R, LEP, Pit-1, PRL, Calpain ve Calpastatin gibi genler molekuler markor olarak incelenmektedir. Bu derlemede amac sigirlarin islahina yonelik verim ozellikleriyle iliskisi tespit edilmis onemli molekuler DNA markorlerini incelemektir. Anahtar kelimeler: Molekuler DNA markorleri, MAS, Verim ozellikleri, Genetik cesitlilik. ABSTRACT: Molecular genetic techniques have provided the opportunities to determine the genetic variations in many genes and study the relationships between variations in QTL’s and production traits. Aim is to estimate high truly genetic value of the animals and as a result to increase genetic gain with selection. Recently, studies based on molecular genetics related to using MAS in cattle’s improvement have been increasing day by day. In many molecular genetic studies in livestock field have investigated as molecular markers the genes such as CSN2, CSN3, CSN1S1, LGB, DGAT1, BH, IGF, GHRH-R, LEP, Pit-1, PRL, Calpain ve Calpastatin. In this review, aim were to study the important molecular markers related to production traits for the improvement of cattle. Keywords: Molecular DNA markers, MAS, Production traits, Genetic diversity.