Viviani Gomes

Influência do estágio de lactação na composição do leite de cabras (Capra hircus)

A influencia do estagio de lactacao na composicao do leite de cabras foi estudada em 27 animais lactantes da raca Saanen durante oito meses, colhendo-se o total de 304 amostras. Foram selecionados e mantidos, no decorrer do trabalho, animais saudaveis, sem qualquer alteracao no exame fisico da glândula mamaria e cujo leite manteve-se negativo ao exame microbiologico. Avaliaram-se os teores de gordura, proteina, lactose e solidos totais. A concentracao de solidos totais, gordura e lactose declinaram durante a lactacao, porem os teores de proteina foram praticamente estaveis durante o periodo estudado. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a constituicao do leite de cabras sofreu influencia do estagio de lactacao.

Perfil celular e microbiológico do leite de ovelhas Santa Inês no período lactante e pós-desmame

The aim was to evaluate and compare the microbiological and cellular profile of the milk of Santa Ines ewes during the lactation period and the active involution. Milk samples were analyzed from 12 ewes during these distinct periods. Clinical examination of the mammary gland, somatic cell count (SCC), California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriologic screening and sensibility of the pathogens in vitro were performed. Most alterations were observed in the active involution period. SCC and CMT were higher in this same period. Besides this, a high persistency of infection occurred. The active involution period did not show high susceptibility. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the only isolated bacteria. A high antimicrobial sensibility of these pathogens was also encountered.

Lactation stage and udder health status of Santa Ines ewes

Avaliou-se o risco de infeccao em diferentes fases da lactacao em 33 ovelhas da raca Santa Ines. Inicialmente a glândula foi submetida ao exame fisico e a prova de fundo escuro. Posteriormente, amostras de leite foram coletadas assepticamente para a realizacao de exame bacteriologico - California Mastitis teste -, e contagens microscopica e automatica de celulas somaticas. Nenhuma diferenca foi observada entre as distintas fases de lactacao. Observou-se alta persistencia de infeccoes intramamarias, e tendencia a maior contagem de celulas somaticas no ultimo periodo de lactacao, que pode ser oriunda da maior resistencia a infeccoes neste periodo.

Factors affecting immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum of healthy Holstein cows immediately after delivery

This study analyzed the influence of the number of milkings, number of births, and udder quarter in immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration in the colostrum of healthy Holstein cows. It was collected two samples of colostrum by manual milking, getting the first jets to completion of bacteriological examination and immunoglobulin levels by radial immunodiffusion test in agar gel. Positive samples for bacteriological examination were excluded from this investigation. Medians of immunoglobulins G, A and M in the colostrum collected before the first and second milking were respectively 9,200 and 6,400mg/dL (p=0.0029); 400 and 200mg/dL (p=0.0018); 800 and 400mg/dL (p=0.0001). Median immunoglobulin concentration in animals that calved once, twice or three times or in cows that calved 4 to 6 times were 6,400; 6,400; 3,200 and 11,200mg/dL IgG; 100, 200, 100 and 800mg/dL IgA ; and 400, 400, 100 and 800mg/dL IgM, respectively. Concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were greater in animals that calved more than 4 times (p<0.05). Medians of IgG, IgA and IgM in the right fore quarter (RF), right hind quarter (RH), left fore quarter (LF) and left hind quarter (LH) were, respectively, 7,800; 6,400; 7,800 and 6,400mg/dL; 200, 200, 200 and 200mg/dL; and 400, 400, 400 and 400mg/dL. Ig concentrations in the colostrum of Holstein cows were influenced by the number of milkings after delivery and number of lactations. These variations may be considered risk factors to passive immunity transfer to newborn calves, predisposing them to diseases and causing economic losses to dairy production.

Leucograma de bezerros Holstein sadios no primeiro mês de vida

To establish reference values and to assess the influence of age on the leukograms of healthy Holstein calves, blood samples were obtained from 300 animals. These samples were distributed equally (n=20) among 15 experimental groups according to age: birth to 8 hours, 9 to 16 hours, 17 to 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 to 7 days, 8 to 9 days, 10 to 11 days, 12 to 13 days, 14 to 15 days, 16 to 20 days, 21 to 25 days and 26 to 30 days of age. The maximum numbers of leukocytes (9,305.0/mL), segmented neutrophils (6,551.2/mL) and total neutrophils (6,678.3/mL) were noted within the first 8 hours of life, while band neutrophils peaked in number (133.3/mL) between 9 and 16 hours after birth. Meanwhile, the maximum total lymphocyte (4,992.1/µL) and typical lymphocyte (4,686.1/µL) counts occurred between 21 and 25 days, whereas atypical lymphocytes (388.5/µL) reached their maximum number between 26 and 30 days, demonstrating an inversion of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio over time. Thus, the influence of age on the leukocyte count of the evaluated calves was verified. The release of endogenous corticosteroids during labor or at birth may contribute to this variation in leukograms with age.

Valores de referência e influência da idade no eritrograma de bubalinos da raça Murrah

Erythrograms aid the veterinary practitioner in the diagnosis of diseases that affect domestic animals. However, hematological studies involving buffaloes are scarce, with little information in the literature on reference values for blood components in this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was analyze erythrograms of Murrah breed buffaloes of different ages, both males and females. Buffaloes in the study were distributed into four experimental groups, according to their ages: Group 1, animals from birth to 3 months of age (n=15); Group 2, animals from 4 to 6 months of age (n=50); Group 3, animals from 7 to 12 months of age (n=50); and Group 4, animals from 13 months to five years of age (n=50). The following values were obtained, for Group 1: 7.9x10 6 erythrocytes/mL (He), 13.0g/dL hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) 38.9%, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 49.0 fl, Mean Hemoglobin Corpuscular Concentration (MCHC) 33.6%, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 16.4 pg; for Group 2: He7.1x10 6 /mL, Hb12.5g/dL, Ht 36.8%, MCV 52.4 fl; MCHC 33.9%; and MCH 17.8 pg; for Group 3: He 7.9x10 6 /mL, Hb12.0g/dL, Ht 33.8%, MCV 43.1 fl, MCHC 35.4%, and MCH 15.34pg; for Group 4: He 6.7x10 6 /mL, Hb 11.7g/dL, Ht 34.4%, MCV 53.4 fl, MCHC 34.4%, and MCH 17.4 pg. Statistical analysis of the results for the different age ranges permitted the conclusion that when the animals got older there was a decrease in the mean red cell counts (He), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit values (Ht). Although hematometric indexes showed significant variations in G3.

A robust segmentation method for counting bovine milk somatic cells in microscope slide images

A two-step methodology for background removal of bovine milk images is proposed.A well-tuned k-means algorithm removes all sort of debris from background.A new thresholding removes the debris-free and statistically varying background.The background-removed cells under Watershed transform are robust-segmented.High accuracy somatic cell counting algorithm for bovine milk quality control. Mastitis is an infectious disease associated with the increased number of somatic cells in cows milk, and it is one of the most relevant cause of economic losses in dairy farming industries. In this paper, we propose a method capable of determine, with 99.7% accuracy, the number of these cells in microscope slide images. This level of accuracy is achieved by changing the image original RGB format to Lab color space and applying k-means clustering algorithm to remove debris and other background features. A new gray level thresholding is proposed, and the remaining bound cells are separated in the final segmentation step applying Watershed transform. Many microscope slide images with debris, contrast, and hue variation were used to validate the experimental results. Comparison between the proposed method and manual counting indicates that this new approach is a robust and promising solution to be incorporated in a future automated somatic cell counting system using optical microscopy.

Análise das metodologias diretas e indiretas para a contagem de células somáticas no leite de cabras hígidas

The particular apocrine secretion of goat milk different from the merocrine one observed in cows, may lead to errors in interpreting cellularity evaluations in the milk of this species. Thus, the objective of the present trial was to determine Somatic Cell Counts by means of one indirect methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and direct methods, flow cytometry and direct microscopic count using methyl green-pyronine-Y stain, beyond comparing the methods of cellular counting. A total of 102 samples from 51 Saanen, Brown Alpine and Toggenburg female goats, bred in the state of Sao Paulo, were analyzed. Goats were separated in groups according to the phase of lactation and to physical examination of the mammary gland, and milk examination. Samples were divided into two aliquots, and were collected after California Mastitis Test evaluation. One aliquot was used in automatic cell counts, and the other, in direct microscopic count using methyl green-pyronine-Y stain. CMT results were as follows: 74.5% of the samples were negative, 8.8% yielded traces, 8.8% were weak positive (1), 6.8% were distinct positive (2) and 0.9% were strong positive (3). Medians of somatic cell counts in goat milk as evaluated by means automatic cell counter and direct microscopy, and grouped according to the different CMT scores, were as follows: 181,000, 578,000, 628,000, 1,421,500, and 5,542,000 cells/mL of milk and 74,991, 271,396, 71,420, 640,995, and 5,049,394 cells/mL of milk in scores negative, traces, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Medians obtained in automatic cell counts and direct microscopic counts, grouped according to the phase of lactation were 159,500; 508,000; and 277,500 cells/mL of milk and 62,493; 89,275; and 146,411 cells/ml of milk, respectively. The correlation between the automatic and microscopic methods for somatic cell counts was 88%. Based on the results obtained, it could be concluded that there were differences between the automatic and microscopic methods for somatic cell counts, being this most adequate for the determination of the celularidade in the cellularity of goat milk.

Variações metodológicas na contagem de células somáticas do leite de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês

The present study was designed to assess the correlation among the automatic somatic cell count and the microscopic somatic cell count using the Broadhurst-Paley (BP), Hematoxilin-eosin (HE) and Rosenfeld dyes. The milk smears were stained with BP, HE and Rosenfeld and the automatic cell count was performed by flow cytometry. The mean logarithmic microscopic SCC by BP and Rosenfeld was higher than the values from automatic SCC and microscopic SCC by HE (P<0.0001). Indeed, the mean values from microscopic SCC using the HE was lower than the automatic cell count (P<0.0001). The correlation among the automatic cell count and the microscopic SCC using the HE, BP and Rosenfeld dyes were 0.774, 0.803 e 0.859 (P<0.0001), respectively. The automatic SCC values and the estimated automatic SCC applying the quadratic equation using the results of the microscopic SCC using the HE (P=0.90), BP (P=0.09) and Rosenfeld (P=0.23) dyes were not different. Thus, it can be concluded that the SCC was influenced by the methodology applied, and nonspecific stains used for microscopic SCC can be used to assess udder health in ewes if an equation is applied to estimate automatic SCC.

Effect of maternal cells transferred with colostrum on the health of neonate calves

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of cells from colostrum on the health of neonate calves. Animals were distributed in 2 groups: COL+ (n =9) which received fresh colostrum from their own damns; and COL− (n =10) which received frozen colostrums from donors. Heifers were assessed before colostrum intake – D0; D2; D7; D14; D21 and D28. Heifers were monitored by clinical examination, hematological profile and serum iron. COL− had a higher diarrhea intensity score (typically 3) on D7. Moreover, a single case each of bronchopneumonia and navel inflammation were observed in COL− calves. COL− had fewer red blood cells (RBC) (6.5±0.8×106/μL) and less hemoglobin (Hgb) (8.3±1.4g/dL) than COL+ (RBC=7.2±0.8×106/μL; Hgb=9.6±1.3g/dL) at D14 (P ≤0.05). COL− had more anemia on D21 (P =0.03) and on D28 (P =0.02). Iron was lower in COL− (5.6±2.7μM/L) than COL+ (10.7±6.2μM/L) (P =0.03) on D7. Lymphocytes was lower in COL− than COL+ on D7 (3.8±1.0×103/μL COL+ and 5.4±2.2×103/μL COL−, P =0.02). COL− calves had more anemia and lower serum iron concomitant with diarrhea on D7. The number of leukocytes was relatively consistent in the COL+ calves, while COL− calves showed an increasing number of of lymphocytes starting on D7.