Waqas Majeed

Comparison of α-chloralose, medetomidine and isoflurane anesthesia for functional connectivity mapping in the rat

Functional connectivity measures based upon low-frequency blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) signal fluctuations have become a widely used tool for investigating spontaneous brain activity in humans. Still unknown, however, is the precise relationship between neural activity, the hemodynamic response and fluctuations in the MRI signal. Recent work from several groups had shown that correlated low-frequency fluctuations in the BOLD signal can be detected in the anesthetized rat - a first step toward elucidating this relationship. Building on this preliminary work, through this study, we demonstrate that functional connectivity observed in the rat depends strongly on the type of anesthesia used. Power spectra of spontaneous fluctuations and the cross-correlation-based connectivity maps from rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, medetomidine or isoflurane are presented using a high-temporal-resolution imaging sequence that ensures minimal contamination from physiological noise. The results show less localized correlation in rats anesthetized with isoflurane as compared with rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose or medetomidine. These experiments highlight the utility of using different types of anesthesia to explore the fundamental physiological relationships of the BOLD signal and suggest that the mechanisms contributing to functional connectivity involve a complicated relationship between changes in neural activity, neurovascular coupling and vascular reactivity.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency fluctuations in BOLD fMRI of the rat

To examine spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency fluctuations in rat cortex.

Broadband Local Field Potentials Correlate with Spontaneous Fluctuations in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signals in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex Under Isoflurane Anesthesia

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used for exploring spontaneous brain activity and large-scale networks; however, the neural processes underlying the observed resting-state fMRI signals are not fully understood. To investigate the neural correlates of spontaneous low-frequency fMRI fluctuations and functional connectivity, we developed a rat model of simultaneous fMRI and multiple-site intracortical neural recordings. This allowed a direct comparison to be made between the spontaneous signals and interhemispheric connectivity measured with the two modalities. Results show that low-frequency blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fluctuations (<0.1 Hz) correlate significantly with slow power modulations (<0.1 Hz) of local field potentials (LFPs) in a broad frequency range (1-100 Hz) under isoflurane anesthesia (1%-1.8%). Peak correlation occurred between neural and hemodynamic activity when the BOLD signal was delayed by ~4 sec relative to the LFP signal. The spatial location and extent of correlation was highly reproducible across studies, with the maximum correlation localized to a small area surrounding the site of microelectrode recording and to the homologous area in the contralateral hemisphere for most rats. Interhemispheric connectivity was calculated using BOLD correlation and band-limited LFP (1-4, 4-8, 8-14, 14-25, 25-40, and 40-100 Hz) coherence. Significant coherence was observed for the slow power changes of all LFP frequency bands as well as in the low-frequency BOLD data. A preliminary investigation of the effect of anesthesia on interhemispheric connectivity indicates that coherence in the high-frequency LFP bands declines with increasing doses of isoflurane, whereas coherence in the low-frequency LFP bands and the BOLD signal increases. These findings suggest that resting-state fMRI signals might be a reflection of broadband LFP power modulation, at least in isoflurane-anesthetized rats.

Functional connectivity in blood oxygenation level-dependent and cerebral blood volume-weighted resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the rat brain

To directly compare functional connectivity and spatiotemporal dynamics acquired with blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood volume (CBV)‐weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in anesthetized rats.

A DTI Tractography analysis of Infralimbic and Prelimbic Connectivity in the Mouse using High-throughput MRI

BACKGROUND High throughput, brain-wide analysis of neural circuit connectivity is needed to understand brain function across species. Combining such tractography techniques with small animal models will allow more rapid integration of systems neuroscience with molecular genetic, behavioral, and cellular approaches. METHODS We collected DTI and T2 scans on 3 series of 6 fixed mouse brains ex vivo in a 9.4 Tesla magnet. The DTI analysis of ten mouse brains focused on comparing prelimbic (PL) and Infralimbic (IL) probabilistic tractography. To validate the DTI results a preliminary set of 24 additional mice were injected with BDA into the IL and PL. The DTI results and preliminary BDA results were also compared to previously published rat connectivity. RESULTS We focused our analyses on the connectivity of the mouse prelimbic (PL) vs. infralimbic (IL) cortices. We demonstrated that this DTI analysis is consistent across scanned mice, with prior analyses of rat IL/PL connectivity, and with mouse PL and IL projections using the BDA tracer. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput ex vivo DTI imaging in the mouse delineated both common and differential connectivity of the IL and PL cortex. The scanning methodology provided a balance of tissue contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, resolution and throughput. Our results are largely consistent with previously published anterograde staining techniques in rats, and the preliminary tracer study of the mouse IL and PL provided here.

Mapping of the Mouse Olfactory System with Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

As the power of studying mouse genetics and behavior advances, research tools to examine systems level connectivity in the mouse are critically needed. In this study, we compared statistical mapping of the olfactory system in adult mice using manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with probabilistic tractography. The primary goal was to determine whether these complementary techniques can determine mouse olfactory bulb (OB) connectivity consistent with known anatomical connections. For MEMRI, 3D T1-weighted images were acquired before and after bilateral nasal administration of MnCl2 solution. Concomitantly, high-resolution diffusion-tensor images were obtained ex vivo from a second group of mice and processed with a probabilistic tractography algorithm originating in the OB. Incidence maps were created by co-registering and overlaying data from the two scan modalities. The resulting maps clearly show pathways between the OB and amygdala, piriform cortex, caudate putamen, and olfactory cortex in both the DTI and MEMRI techniques that are consistent with the known anatomical connections. These data demonstrate that MEMRI and DTI are complementary, high-resolution neuroimaging tools that can be applied to mouse genetic models of olfactory and limbic system connectivity.

Microembolism Induces Anhedonia but No Detectable Changes in White Matter Integrity in Aged Rats

Microvascular disease leads to alterations of cerebral vasculature including the formation of microembolic (ME) strokes. Though ME are associated with changes in mood and the severity and progression of cognitive decline, the effect of ME strokes on cerebral microstructure and its relationship to behavioral endpoints is unknown. Here, we used adult and aged male rats to test the hypotheses that ME lesions result in subtle changes to white and gray matter integrity as detected by high-throughput diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and that these structural disruptions correspond to behavioral deficits. Two weeks post-surgery, aged animals showed depressive-like behaviors in the sucrose consumption test in the absence of altered cerebral diffusivity as assessed by ex-vivo DTI. Furthermore, DTI indices did not correlate with the degree of behavioral disruption in aged animals or in a subset of animals with observed tissue cavitation and subtle DTI alterations. Together, data suggest that behavioral deficits are not the result of damage to brain regions or white matter tracts, rather the activity of other systems may underlie functional disruption and recovery.

Detection of neural light-scattering activity in vivo: optical transmittance studies in the rat brain

&NA; Optical studies of ex vivo brain slices where blood is absent show that neural activity is accompanied by significant intrinsic optical signals (IOS) related to activity‐dependent scattering changes in neural tissue. However, the neural scattering signals have been largely ignored in vivo in widely‐used IOS methods where absorption contrast from hemoglobin was employed. Changes in scattering were observed on a time scale of seconds in previous brain slice IOS studies, similar to the time scale for the hemodynamic response. Therefore, potential crosstalk between the scattering and absorption changes may not be ignored if they have comparable contributions to IOS. In vivo, the IOS changes linked to neural scattering have been elusive. To isolate neural scattering signals in vivo, we employed 2 implantable optodes for small‐separation (2 mm) transmission measurements of local brain tissue in anesthetized rats. This unique geometry enables us to separate neuronal activity‐related changes in neural tissue scattering from changes in blood absorption based upon the direction of the signal change. The changes in IOS scattering and absorption in response to up‐states of spontaneous neuronal activity in cortical or subcortical structures have strong correlation to local field potentials, but significantly different response latencies. We conclude that activity‐dependent neural tissue scattering in vivo may be an additional source of contrast for functional brain studies that provides complementary information to other optical or MR‐based systems that are sensitive to hemodynamic contrast. HighlightsInvestigated intrinsic optical signals (IOS) linked to local field potentials in the rat brain in vivo.First transmission measurement of IOS in localized brain areas.Transmittance geometry enables separation of IOS scattering from absorption.Time scales of seconds for both neuro‐scattering and hemoglobin absorption signals.Shorter latency of neuro‐scattering response relative to neurovascular response.