Welson Lima Simões

Germinação e crescimento inicial de variedades de sorgo forrageiro submetidas ao estresse salino

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance of six varieties of forage sorghum, based on germination percentage and seedling growth subjected to six salinity levels. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, according to a factorial arrangement 6 x 6 with four replications containing 25 seeds. The treatments were six varieties (V) of forage sorghum [F305 (V1), BRS 655 (V2), BRS 610 (V3), Volumax (V4), 1.015.045 (V5), 1.016.005 (V6)] and six salinity levels [0 (distilled water), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 dS m-1]. Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of Embrapa Semiarido in August 2012. The variables assessed were percentage of germination, shoot (PA) and root (R) length, ratio PA/R, shoot and root fresh mass, shoot and root dry mass. Salinity levels did not affect the seed germination of varieties of forage sorghum until the conductivity of 10 dS m-1. The salinity levels between 3 and 5 dS m-1 favored the growth of shoots and roots, showing good tolerance to salinity of forage sorghum varieties, especially F305, Volumax and 1.015.045.

Physiological and technological responses of sugarcane to different irrigation systems.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influencia de tres sistemas de irrigacao sobre as trocas gasosas e as qualidades tecnologicas da cana-de-acucar, variedade RB 92579, por tres ciclos consecutivos, cultivada em dois tipos de solos na regiao do Submedio do Sao Francisco. Os experimentos foram instalados utilizando delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis repeticoes, em areas com solo arenoso e argiloso. Os sistemas de irrigacao foram: sulco, gotejamento superficial e gotejamento subsuperficial. Avaliaram-se as caracteristicas fisiologicas das plantas: fotossintese liquida, condutância estomatica, transpiracao e temperatura foliar. Para analises tecnologicas foram determinados o teor de solidos soluveis, porcentagem de fibra industrial, pureza do caldo, porcentagem de acucar bruto, acucares redutores e umidade. Verificou-se que a irrigacao por gotejamento subsuperficial em solo arenoso interfere negativamente nas trocas gasosas da cultura. Os sistemas de irrigacao nao influenciaram na qualidade tecnologica dos colmos quando cultivada em solo arenoso e, no argiloso, o sulco interfere negativamente no processo de maturacao dos colmos.

Growth of sugar cane varieties under salinity

Large salty areas in the Brazilian semi-arid region have limited farming in Northeastern Brazil. One example is the sugar cane cultivation, which reinforces the need of selecting varieties that are more tolerant to salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on growth of ten varieties of sugar cane. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, set in the experimental field of Embrapa Semiarido, in Petrolina, Pernambuco State. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in a 6 X 10 factorial arrangement, comprised of six levels of salinity (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and ten sugar cane varieties (VAT 90212; RB 72454; RB 867515; Q 124; RB 961003; RB 957508; SP791011; RB 835089; RB 92579 and SP 943206). Salt levels of irrigation water were obtained by adding NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O and MgSO4.7H2O to achieve an equivalent ratio among Na:Ca:Mg of 7:2:1. Sixty days later, plant height, stem diameter (base), number of leaves, stalks and sprouts, leaf area and fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and roots were all measured. The varieties of sugar cane showed similar responses for growth reduction as soil salinity increases, being considered moderately sensitive to salinity.

Ajuste da lâmina de irrigação no cultivo de milho para silagem no Vale do Submédio São Francisco.

O milho se destaca entre as demais culturas pela sua qualidade nutricional e produtividade para o uso em silagem animal. O uso da agua de forma racional atua positivamente no que diz respeito ao acumulo de fitomassa e eficiencia de producao. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de biomassa da variedade do milho BRS Gorutuba para silagem, sob diferentes lâminas de irrigacao na regiao do Submedio do Vale do Sao Francisco. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com lâminas de irrigacao de 30, 60 90 e 120% da evapotranspiracao da cultura (ETc). Foram avaliadas caracteristicas biometricas de crescimento e desenvolvimento e de produtividade. As variaveis altura de plantas e numero de folhas por planta tiveram acrescimos em funcao do aumento das lâminas de irrigacao. O maior diâmetro do caule foi alcancado com lâmina proxima a 90% de reposicao da ETc. Os niveis de agua disponivel no solo influenciaram significativamente o desenvolvimento do milho BRS Gorutuba para regiao do Vale do Submedio Sao Francisco. A variedade BRS Gorutuba apresenta-se sensivel a restricao hidrica para fins de producao de silagem, sendo os maiores rendimentos de biomassa alcancados com o uso de 120% da ETc, para o coeficiente de cultura utilizado.

MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE RESPONSES OF SUNFLOWER VARIETIES TO IRRIGATION

The high luminosity rates and high annual average temperatures of the Brazilian semiarid region, combined with the use of irrigation and adaptability of the sunflower crop to local climate, favor increased achene yield due to acceleration of morphophysiological processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological and productive characteristics of sunflower varieties grown under drip irrigation in the Sub-Mid São Francisco River Valley. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Field of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with 21 sunflower varieties and four replications. The variables evaluated were flowering time, plant height, number of live leaves, stem and capitulum diameter, number of lodged and broken plants, stem curvature, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, average leaf temperature, 1000-achene weight and achene yield of the sunflower varieties. The treatments presented flowering time of 43 to 59 days after sowing, plant height of 1.0 to 1.4 m, capitulum diameter of 0.154 to 0.221 m, chlorophyll content of 30.8 to 33.98 Spad units and 1000-achene weight of 35.61 to 80.30 g. The sunflower varieties V7 and V8 stood out, with achene yields above 2,960 kg ha and low number of lodged and broken plants, indicating a greater adaptability irrigation crops in the Sub-Mid São Francisco River Valley.

GROWTH AND FOLIAR CONTENTS OF Na+ AND Cl- IN GENOTYPES OF FORAGE SORGHUM IRRIGATED WITH SALINIZED WATERS

Plant efficiency in developing specific mechanisms to survive under salt stress can vary significantly among genotypes, which implies different responses in growth and yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance of forage sorghum genotypes by analysis of growth variables correlated with the levels of Na+ and Cl- accumulated in the leaves. The research was carried out in a greenhouse belonging to the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) ? Semiarid, in Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement 10x6 with ten genotypes (?F305?, ?BRS 655?, ?BRS 610?, ?Volumax?, ?1,015,045?, ?1,016,005?, ?1,016,009?, ?1,016,013?, ?1,016,015? and ?1,016. 031?), salt solutions with six levels of electrical conductivity (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dS m-1) and three replications. The variables evaluated were dry mass and water content of the shoots and roots, plant height, stern diameter, leaf area and foliar concentration of Na+ and Cl-. It was found that the growth of forage sorghum genotypes is similarly affected due to the increase of Na+ and Cl- foliar contents. The growth of forage sorghum is reduced by 50% when the plants are submitted to the application of saline solution with electrical conductivity of 8 dS m-1.

APLICAÇÃO DE BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS VIA SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO PARA FIXAÇÃO BIOLÓGICA DE NITROGÊNIO NA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

O ambiente dentro dos galpoes avicolas e um dos fatores primordiais para se conseguir bons indices zootecnicos e retornos financeiros. Assim, objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ambiente termico no interior do galpao de aves poedeiras em diferentes estacoes do ano na tentativa de proporcionar uma melhor relacao ao bem-estar das aves. O estudo foi realizado no setor de avicultura, no galpao de aves poedeiras na UNESP campus de Dracena/SP. Foram distribuidos e aferidos em doze pontos equidistantes as principais variaveis bioclimaticas, como temperatura de globo negro, Temperatura do ar, temperatura de bulbo seco, temperatura de bulbo umido, temperatura de superficie de telhado, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento, nas diferentes transicao entre as estacoes do inverno e primavera, primavera e verao e verao e outono , com o intuito de obter qual e a melhor estacao do ano em que as aves conseguem obter um melhor conforto termico dentro das instalacoes avicolas. As medias das variaveis bioclimaticas foram comparadas utilizando o teste estatistico Tukey (95%) atraves do software Statigrafics Centurion , onde utilizou-se o software de superficie SURFER para o mapeamento do aviario. Os resultados indicaram que a transicao entre inverno e primavera apresentou melhores valores com relacao a conforto termico dentro do galpao, possibilitando neste periodo um melhor bem-estar das aves e consequentemente melhor desempenho e retorno finaceiro.Os custos dos fertilizantes nitrogenados representam uma limitacao ao cultivo da cultura da cana-de-acucar, sendo uma das alternativas a utilizacao de bacterias fixadoras de nitrogenio. Entretanto, diante da competitividade do mercado, estudos ainda sao necessarios para determinacao da forma mais viavel para o fornecimento das bacterias. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicacao de bacterias fixadoras de nitrogenio, via agua de irrigacao, no desenvolvimento da cana-de-acucar. O experimento foi realizado na casa de vegetacao da Embrapa Semiarido, em Petrolina-PE, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes, onde se avaliou o comportamento das variedades de cana RB92579 e VAT90212 em duas epocas de aplicacao: 10 e 20 dias apos emergencia e em tres concentracoes de solucao inoculante de bacterias: 10 6 , 10 7 e 10 8 celulas mL -1 , aplicadas via sistema de irrigacao. A cultivar RB92579 apresentou um desenvolvimento melhor que a cultivar VAT90212. A epoca mais adequada de aplicacao das bacterias diazotroficas via sistema de irrigacao e aos 10 dias apos a emergencia das plantas, em cana planta. A concentracao de 10 6 celulas mL -1 proporciona maior biomassa fresca e seca de colmo, sendo esta concentracao a mais indicada para se proceder a inoculacao.O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as diferencas fisico-quimicas e identificar a preferencia de consumo entre suco, nectar e refresco de maca produzidos a partir das variedades Fuji e Gala. Macas das variedades Fuji e Gala foram processadas para a producao do suco integral. O teor de solidos soluveis do suco integral foi mensurado em refratometro de bancada e padronizado para 12° Brix. O suco resultante foi denominado “suco padronizado”. Apos a producao do suco padronizado, foi preparada uma solucao acucarada a 12 °Brix. Combinando diferentes proporcoes de suco padronizado e solucao acucarada, foram fabricados nectares (50 % e 33 % de suco de maca – m/m) e refrescos (25 % de suco de maca – m/m). As bebidas foram analisadas em triplicata para solidos soluveis, pH, acidez total, acucares redutores e acucares redutores totais. A analise sensorial foi realizada por provadores nao treinados para os atributos sensoriais de aparencia, aroma, sabor e avaliacao global, usando o metodo afetivo de escala hedonica estruturada de nove pontos. Dentro das condicoes experimentais desse trabalho foi observado que as variedades Fuji e Gala interferem nas caracteristicas fisico-quimicas dos sucos, nectares e refrescos de macas. Porem, essas variedades nao interferem na preferencia dos provadores pelos sucos, nectares e refresco de maca. Para o aproveitamento (do descarte) de macas das variedades Fuji e Gala, recomenda-se a producao de nectares.

Productive and morphogenetic characteristics of sunflower irrigated with domestic treated wastewater on northeast semiarid area.

The present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of the sunflower crop irrigated with treated domestic wastewater and normal water (well-water) in a inceptisol of Apodi, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block experimental design, consisting of five treatments and five replications, using the H-251 sunflower cultivar from Embrapa. The treatments consisted of the application of five proportions of wastewater/well-water (T1 - 100% wastewater; T2 - 75% wastewater and 25% well water, T3 - 50% wastewater and 50% well-water, T4 - 25% wastewater and 75% well-water and T5 - 100% well-water plus chemical fertilizer, control). The variables such as plant height, leaf number, diameter of stem and the head, yield, oil production, thousand-grain weight and head weight were evaluated. The combined use of wastewater and well-water is an alternative for the substitution of mineral fertilization with minimal damage to the productive potential and development of the sunflower crop. In general, the T4 treatment was the most adequate to improve agronomic performance of the sunflower.

QUALIDADE DOS FRUTOS DE MACIEIRAS IRRIGADAS NO SEMIÁRIDO NORDESTINO

The great solar radiation in the Brazilian semiarid region, combined with an adequate irrigation management, favors fruit production and quality of crops that were adapted to this region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruit quality of two apple cultivars grown in the Sub-Mid São Francisco River Valley under different irrigation water depths. A complete randomized block experimental design in a split-plot arrangement with five replications was used. The plots consisted of four irrigation water depths (ID) (60, 80, 100 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration ETo), the subplots consisted of two apple cultivars (C) (Julieta and Princesa) and the sub-subplots consisted of fruit positions in the tree canopies (FP) (east and west sides). The soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pulp firmness (PF) and fresh weight (FW) of the fruits were evaluated. The factors evaluated showed no triple interaction between the evaluated factors, however, the SS and TA were significantly affected by them; the interaction between ID and C significantly affected the PF; the interaction between ID and FP significantly affected the PF, SS/TA ratio and FW; and the interaction between C and FP significantly affected the SS/TA ratio. The increase in water depth increased the fruit size of both cultivars, without compromising the post-harvest quality. The cultivar Princesa presented the best results regarding SS, TA, PF and FW, however, both cultivars had organoleptic characteristics within the recommended standards for commercialization. The fruits harvested on the west side presented better post-harvest quality.

Physiological characteristics of grapevine under irrigation and fertilization management1

1. Manuscript received in Aug./2017 and accepted for publication in Dec./2017 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632017v4748640). 2. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina, PE, Brasil. E-mails: victorp_hp@hotmail.com, sebastiao.costa@ifsertao-pe.edu.br, fabio.freire@ifsertao-pe.edu.br. 3. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Juazeiro, BA, Brasil. E-mail: alissandrojbs@gmail.com. 4. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Semiárido), Petrolina, PE, Brasil. E-mail: welson.simoes@embrapa.br. The viticulture in the semiarid region of Brazil stands out in the country due to the expansion of its cultivated area and increased production, especially in the sub-mid São Francisco Valley. However, the supplying of water and an efficient replacement of nutrients to the soil are essential for these crops, due to the intrinsic climatic conditions of this region, such as low rainfall and high evapotranspiration. This study aimed at evaluating the physiological characteristics of ‘Itália’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under irrigation and fertilization management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with four replications, in a split-plot arrangement, with four irrigation water depths (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.5 times the crop coefficient) in the plots and four fertilizer rates (100 %, 75 %, 50 % and 25 %, based on the recommended fertilizer rates for this crop) in the subplots, with addition of organic compounds. The leaf water potential, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 partial pressure, leaf temperature and biomass accumulation in the berries were evaluated. The highest leaf chlorophyll contents were found in treatments with fertilizer rates of 70-85 %. Stomatal conductance decreased with the increasing irrigation water depths, thus reducing the internal CO2 partial pressure and increasing the leaf temperature and air vapor pressure deficit. The reduction of 25 % in the conventional fertilization and irrigation of 135 % of the recommended coefficient resulted in the highest average weight of berries. The highest yields were obtained with the lowest irrigation water depths and fertilizer rates of 50-65 %.