William W. Philliber

Equal Partners: Successful Women in Marriage.

Sex Equality in Marriage Sources of Social Change Gender-Role Identity and Marriage The Distribution of Perceived Marital Quality Who Does What Expectations and Realities Consequences of Competitiveness, Imbalance, and Gender-Role Identity Successful Marriages

Predicting Marital and Career Success among Dual-Worker Couples

Research is reviewed which is both supportive and skeptical of the assumptions of theories based upon status competition processes, status incompatibility, complementary needs, and threat to gender identity which posit that stress is created in marriages where the wifes occupational achievements exceed the husbands. A theory is posited to explain which couples will or will not succeed in this circumstance. The theory suggests change will be initiated when role performances of self and other are not consistent with the role expectations and self-concepts of the partners. The gender identities of both partners are considered critical variables determining the ability of spouses to sustain a marriage in which wifes attainments are greater. When one or both spouses have traditional gender identities, pressure for change will result when the occupational achievements of the wife exceed those of the husband; when both have androgynous gender identities, the partners are more likely to be comfortable with this condition.

Necessity, Compatibility and Status Attainment as Factors in the Labor-Force Participation of Married Women.

The probability is tested that a married woman will more likely participate in the labor force: (1) the lower the family income without her earnings; (2) the higher her occupational prestige potential; (3) the less her occupational prestige potential differs from her husbands; and (4) the more her occupational prestige potential exceeds the occupational prestige of her husband. Data from the General Social Surveys conducted between 1974 and 1977 support the importance of economic necessity and occupational potential but do not support either the effects of status compatibility or status enhancement. Beyond the effects of age children and the need for income occupational prestige potential is able to explain almost half again as much variance as the other variables combined. (authors)

Maximizing Confidence in Married Couple Samples.

Most probability samples of married couples do not have response rates high enough to justify the use of inferential statistics. Recognizing that response rates are likely to be low this paper describes 4 procedures that can be used in study design during data collection and in analysis to partly compensate for this failure. The study describes a research project on the effects of relative occupational statuses of spouses for dual-earner marriages. 489 couples in Hamilton County Ohio were interviewed in 1982-1983; the estimated response rate was 44%. 1) A nonparticipant questionnaire was mailed to an additional 436 couples and answered by 162 thus bringing the response rate up to 63% for some of the questions. This nonparticipant questionnaire showed that participants were younger and had higher socioeconomic status. The study bias is still probably underestimated because many couples neither participated nor returned questionnaires. 2) When a survey is reasonabley close in time to a census and when a sampling area conforms to a census reporting area bias can be estinated by comparing the 2. 3) Data can be weighted so that the sample more closely resembles the parameters of the population. Weighting is not totally understood and may not correct bias. A sample biased on known parameters is probably also biased on unknown ones. 4) Replication can also generate confidence in findings. While replication is not always interesting it may be necessary.

A Research Note: Occupational Attainments and Perceptions of Status among Working Wives.

Data from six national surveys are combined and analyzed to determine how pervasive the effects of occupational attainments are on the status perceptions of working wives. The results indicate that the effects are limited to women married to men with middle-class jobs. Women married to husbands with working-class jobs do not change their perceptions of their social status on the basis of their job attainments.

Determinants of Social Class Identification for Dual-Earner Couples.

This article reports an analysis of the presence and sources of discrepancies in the class identifications of married couples. Among a sample of 489 married couples, about half report different levels of class identification if either spouse identifies as working class. Further analysis suggests that differences occur, in part, because husbands base class identification only upon their own achievements and family income, while wives take into account the achievements of both spouses.

Why Not?: An Analysis of Support for School Taxation

Attitude measures are now better than subgroup memberships as voting predictors.

Effects of socioeconomic status and perceived affluence on anomia

This study analyzes (1) the effects of affluence perception on anomia and (2) the importance of affluence perception as an intervening variable interpreting the effects of race, education, and income on anomia. The analysis uses survey data from a probability sample of adults in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio. Affluence perception is found to be positively related to anomia and to account for part of the effects of race, education, and income on anomia. The three demographic variables, however, have stronger independent effects on anomia that cannot be accounted for by perception of affluence.

Race, Class, and Perceptions of Affluence

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of race, education, and income on perceptions of the extent of affluence in the United States. The analysis uses survey data from a probability sample of Hamilton County, Ohio, adults. Race, education, and income are each found to have significant additive effects on affluence perceptions. Blacks, less educated people, and people with less income tend to perceive greater affluence. The analysis suggests the importance of considering perceptions of the total distribution of rewards when considering the effects of deprivations.

Racial Differences in Perceptions of Affluence

Abstract This study examines perceptions held by inner-city blacks and whites of the extent of affluence in America. Blacks generally tend to believe that affluence is more widespread than do whites, although substantial variation in racial differences occurs across sex and age categories. Controls for socio-economic characteristics have little effect on racial differences in perceptions of affluence. The analysis suggests that race has an effect on perceptions of affluence that is independent of the effects of social class.