Xizhao Sun

Infrared spectroscopic analysis of 5,248 urinary stones from Chinese patients presenting with the first stone episode

A series of 5,248 urinary stones was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy between 1999 and 2008. This study evaluated the percentage of each stone type and the association with sex and age in Chinese stone formers presenting with the first stone episode. The overall sex ratio (male:female) was 2.34:1. Results showed that the preponderant type of stone was calcium oxalate, followed by carbapatite, anhydrous uric acid, struvite and cystine. Struvite stones in this study accounted for a relatively low rate compared to that reported by others. Of 5,248 stones, only 38.1% had one component, 42.5% consisted of two components, and 20.4% consisted of three components. Our results also showed the higher percentage of carbapatite stones in females than in males and the increment of anhydrous uric acid stones with age. In addition, the percentage of calcium oxalate stones decreased with increase in the percentage of carbapatite stones over the period.

The effect of plum juice on the prevention of struvite calculus formation in vitro

Study Type – Prevention (cohort)

Could Infrared Spectroscopy Identify Melamine‐Related Stone Using Melamine‐Contained Mixture as A Reference?

Recently, a method of infrared spectroscopy analysis to identify melamine‐contained stone was established by examining melamine powders mixed with true urinary stones. However, several studies demonstrated melamine could be interacted with cyanuric acid or uric acid in water through hydrogen bonds. It presents a hypothesis that the infrared spectrum of melamine‐contained stone formed in urine is probably different from melamine‐contained dry mixtures. This study is to testify is it true. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:59–61, 2013.

Greater and Lesser Ischiadic Foramina as Path of Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Distal Ureteral Stone in Children

PURPOSE We evaluated the efficacy and safety of shock wave lithotripsy in the supine position through the greater and lesser ischiadic foramina as a path of shock wave to treat distal ureteral stones in young children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated 22 young children with distal urinary calculi using the Dornier Compact S lithotriptor between 1997 and 2007. The study population consisted of 15 boys and 7 girls 6 months to 7 years old (mean +/- SD 5.4 +/- 2.1 years). Stone size ranged from 5 to 16 mm (mean 6.8). All patients were treated in the supine position under dissociative anesthesia with ketamine. The focused shock wave targeted the stone in the distal ureter through the greater and lesser ischiadic foramina. RESULTS Number of shocks ranged from 600 to 3,000 (mean +/- SD 2,346.2 +/- 483.7). Energy per pulse ranged from level 4 to 5 (mean 4.5). Treatment time varied from 20 to 40 minutes (mean 31). Stone-free rate at 2 weeks after lithotripsy was 77.3%, which increased to 100% at 3 months after a single lithotripsy session. No serious side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Shock wave lithotripsy in the supine position through the greater and lesser ischiadic foramina as the path of shock wave treats distal ureteral stones in young children with an excellent success rate and few side effects.

Comparison of Efficacy of German and Chinese Electromagnetic Shock Wave Lithotripters: Dornier Compact S vs Huikang MZ-SWL-V

OBJECTIVES To compare the treatment efficacy of Dornier Compact S and a Chinese electromagnetic shock wave lithotripter (Huikang MZ-SWL-V) in a large series. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) in 13,954 consecutive patients with upper urinary tract stones from December 1996 to December 2008 with Dornier Compact S (9124 cases) and Huikang MZ-SWL-V (4830 cases). An intramuscular injection of 50 mg pethidine was given to the patients with Dornier Compact S but not to those with Huikang MZ-SWL-V. Treatment outcomes were assessed by the stone-free rate at three months, the retreatment rate, the auxiliary procedure rate, and the effectiveness quotient. The pain scores were evaluated by visual analog scales, where 0 = pain and 10 = unbearable pain. RESULTS The overall stone-free rate at 3 months, retreatment rate, and ancillary procedure rate for Dornier Compact S were 95.9%, 13.4%, and 2.2%, respectively, and they were 85%, 29.6%, and 10.2%, respectively, for Huikang MZ-SWL-V. The overall efficiency quotients of Dornier Compact S and Huikang MZ-SWL-V were 83% and 60.8%, respectively. However, the pain scores in the Dornier group (6-10) were higher than those in the Huikang group (1-5). Three clinically significant subcapsular hematomas were detected in the Dornier group but there were none in the Huikang group. CONCLUSIONS Dornier Compact S is more effective than Huikang MZ-SWL-V, but SWL with Huikang machine could be performed with milder pain and without analgesia, and a lower significant hematoma rate was observed in Huikang group.

SWL of Renal and Ureteral Stones: The Chinese Experience

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the history of the development of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) of renal and ureteral stones in China and to present our experiences. The technological aspects and clinical use of Chinese lithotripters are further described. Most lithotripters used for SWL in China are indigenously produced. Lithotripter fabrication began relatively early in China; consequently, our lithotripters have developed distinctive technical characteristics that result in an advantageous cost-benefit ratio, shock waves of lower peak pressure and broader focal zone, and a greater opportunity for anesthesia-/analgesia-free and sedation-free SWL. A single ultrasound is the predominant mode for imaging. Today, SWL has become the first-line modality for renal and ureteral stones across China. Our recommended indications for SWL are similar to the European Association of Urology (EAU) and American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines on urolithiasis. In practice, patients often prefer and select SWL in preference to other modes of treatment due to the aforementioned characteristics. The reported results of SWL in China show comparable or even higher stone-free rates at 3 months; however, there is a higher re-treatment rate compared to Western countries’ reported literature. Auxiliary procedures are less used in SWL in China. In our experiences, the most frequent and commonly seen complication post-SWL was temporary hematuria. Other complications were infrequent, and serious complications were rarely reported. In recent years in China, SWL has also been widely used to treat children with renal and ureteral stones. For such cases, serious complications rarely occurred, and the few long-term studies have yet to show any evidence of negative effects of SWL on children’s renal morphology and function.