A.M. Oliveira Neto

Winter and summer management strategies for Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa control.

Conyza bonariensis is one of the most important weeds in southern Brazil. The selection of biotypes tolerant and resistant to the herbicide glyphosate has led to increasing demand for alternatives of management strategy to control this species. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different winter and summer management strategy for the control of Conyza bonariensis, by using glyphosate + 2,4-D tank mixtures combined or not with residual herbicides. The different burndown alternatives were applied after corn harvest (winter burndown), associated to applications before soybean sowing (summer burndown) with a total of 15 treatments. Winter burndown options evaluated in this research were efficient in weed desiccation and provided excellent levels of residual weed control up to the next summer soybean pre-sowing. The sowing of oats after winter burndown with subsequent summer burndown with glyphosate+diclosulam + 2,4-D was found to be efficient to control Bidens pilosa. Conyza bonariensis was totally controlled in all the burndown strategies in which the herbicide 2,4-D was associated to glyphosate.

selectivity of soybean RR® genotypes submitted to glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl tank mixtures associated to mineral oil and insecticides

The use of glyphosate for weed control in soybean RR® presents essential practical characteristics. However, although not allowed by the current Brazilian legislation, the association with other herbicides has been increasing for species of difficult control, as well as the use of tank mixtures combined with insecticides and adjuvants. Aiming to evaluate the selectivity of soybean RR® genotypes submitted to tank mixtures of the glyphosate formulations (Polaris®, Roundup Ready® and Roundup WG®) with chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic®), and their associations with mineral oil (Joint Oil®) and novaluron insecticides (Gallaxy 100 EC®), permethrin (Piredan®) and methomyl (Lannate BR®), an experiment was conducted under field conditions at Maracai -Sao Paulo, during the 2006/2007 growing year. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in a factorial scheme 16 x 4, with 16 representing the tank mixture associations of glyphosate formulations, mineral oil and insecticide, and the four genotypes Monsoy 7210RR®, Monsoy 7979RR®, BRS245RR® and CD 214RR®. Visual symptoms of initial intoxication in the genotypes studied were characterized by chlorosis and wrinkle in the leaves for all tank mixtures of glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl, associated or not with mineral oil, and novaluron, permethrin and methomyl insecticides .None of the tank mixtures promoted significant yield reductions for Monsoy 7210RR®, Monsoy 7979RR® and BRS245RR® genotypes, and controlled Ipomoea spp with satisfactory effectiveness, starting from 21 DAA (days after application).

Seletividade de clomazone isolado ou em mistura para a cultura do algodoeiro

Clomazone is one of the most important herbicides applied in pre-emergence in cotton, even though not much is known about its selectivity to this crop. This work was carried out to evaluate the selectivity of clomazone applied alone or in tank mixtures with other herbicides applied in pre-emergence in cotton. The experiment was designed as a randomized block, with four replicates, using two-fold checks. Thirteen treatments were evaluated, constituted by different combinations of clomazone with S-metolachlor, diuron, prometryne, alachlor, oxyfluorfen, and trifluralin. After herbicide application, visual crop injury was evaluated, as well as stand, plant height, number of bolls per plant and cotton+seed yield. Clomazone alone applied at 1.00 and 1.25 kg ha-1 or associated to S-metolachlor (0.76 kg ha-1), diuron (1.50 kg ha-1), prometryne (1.50 kg ha-1), alachlor (1.44 kg ha-1), and trifluralin (1.80 kg ha-1) was selective to cotton cv. Nu-Opal. However, its association with oxyfluorfen (1.25 + 0.19 kg ha-1), with trifluralin + diuron (1.25 + 1.80 + 1.50 kg ha-1), and with trifluralin + prometryne (1.25 + 1.80 + 1.50 kg ha-1) resulted in reduced cotton yield.

Persistência de trifloxysulfuron-sodium e pyrithiobac-sodium em diferentes tipos de solo

In Brazil, most of the areas planted with cotton are located in the cerrado regions of Mato Grosso and Bahia, in naturally acidic soil. The objective of this work was to study the influence of soil acidity on the persistence of trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, using a bioindicator as detection technique. Four experiments were conducted simultaneously: two with trifloxysulfuron-sodium (7.5 and 15 g ha-1), and two with pyrithiobac-sodium (70 and 140 g ha-1), using a completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial scheme (3x8+3). Treatments were composed by three types of soil (at pH levels 4.2, 4.9 and 5.5), eight sowing dates for the bio-indicator (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 DAA), and three control treatments, without herbicide application. The persistence of trifloxysulfuron-sodium at doses of 7.5 g ha-1 was not influenced by the pH values. However, at a dose of 15 g ha-1 the highest increase in the persistence of biological activity was observed in soil with higher pH. When pyrithiobac-sodium was applied to the soil with lower pH, at doses of 70 and 140 g ha-1, a longer time period was needed for persistence to reduce. But at 210 DAS there were no differences in the persistence of pyrithiobac-sodium (70 g ha-1) between the different pH values. However, at the dose of 140 g ha-1 of pyrithiobac-sodium, the soil with the highest pH showed the highest persistence of this herbicide.

Seletividade de glyphosate isolado ou em misturas para soja RR em aplicações sequenciais

The use of latifolicide mixed with glyphosate has been an alternative to control weeds resistant to glyphosate or difficult to control in RR soybean crops. The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of sequential applications of glyphosate isolated or in mixture with latifolicide herbicides for RR soybean. Treatment applications were carried out on the soybean cultivar plants CD 214 RR at the developmental stages V1 up to V2 and V3 up to V4. The herbicides and respective rates (g a.i. ha-1) evaluated were: glyphosate (g a.e. ha1) alone (720/480, 720/720, 960/960, and 1.200/1.200) and the mixtures glyphosate + cloransulam-methyl (720+15.12/480+15.12), glyphosate + fomesafen (720 + 62.5/480 + 62.5), glyphosate + lactofen (720 + 36/480 + 36), glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl (720 + 6.25/480 + 6.25), glyphosate + flumiclorac-pentyl (720 + 15/480 + 15), glyphosate + bentazon (720 + 240/480 + 240), and glyphosate + imazethapyr (720 + 40/480 + 40). The experimental design was completely randomized in a split-plot scheme with two checks, and four replicates. The variables analyzed were plant intoxication, plant height, stand,crop canopy, number of pods per plant, 100-grain mass, and yield. All the treatments promoted visual effects of plant intoxication on the soybean crop. However, yield loss was not observed in any of the situations studied.

Uso do novo sistema Clearfield® na cultura do girassol para o controle de plantas daninhas dicotiledóneas

The occurrence of dicotyledonous weeds has limited the increase of the area of sunflower cultivation in Brazil, due to their impact on crop yield. This is a result of a shortage of products registered for the crop with broad-spectrum control. Thus, two experiments were installed to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of the imidazolinone herbicides applied on post-emergence dicotyledonous weeds in Clearfield? sunflower crop. The experiments were conducted under field conditions at the district of Iguatemi, Maringa-PR, Brazil. Treatments consisted of two controls without herbicide application, one with weeds and the other weed-free, with sulfentrazone (200,00 g ha-1) applied preemergence and imazapic + imazapyr applied post emergence, at doses of [36.75 +12.25] [52.5 +17.5], [12.25 +36.75] [17.5 +52.5] g ha-1. The control of Euphorbia heterophylla, Conyza bonariensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Bidens pilosa, Ipomoea grandifolia and Portulaca oleracea was evaluated. Evaluation of toxicity of the Clearfield sunflower® was also carried out, besides crop stand and yield in kg ha-1. Based on the results, it was concluded that the use of the Clearfield® system proved to be a very good option for areas with dicotyledonous weeds, allowing the application of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In addition, the weed controls obtained ranged from fair to excellent, causing no injuries to the crop and maintaining the initial plant stand and yield.

SELECTIVITY OF FOMESAFEN TO COTTON

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of fomesafen alone or in a tank mixture with other preemergent herbicides, with or without S-metolachlor application in early postemergence in cotton plant, cultivar DP 555 BG RR(r). The design utilized was a randomized complete block, organized in a split-plot arrangement, with four replications. For that, 24 herbicides were evaluated with fomesafen (0.45 and 0.625 kg ha-1), prometryn (1.25 kg ha-1), diuron (1.25 kg ha-1), trifluralin (1.8 kg ha-1), and S-metolachlor (0.77 kg ha-1), applied as preemergent, with or without S-metolachlor (0.77 kg ha-1) applied in early postemergence. The variables evaluated were: phytotoxicity, insertion height of the first reproductive branch, plant height, stand, number of reproductive branches per plant, number of bolls per plant, bolls weight, and productivity of cotton seed. Fomesafen alone or in a tank mixture with preemergent prometryn, diuron, trifluralin and S-metolachlor was selective to cotton plant. Preemergent fomesafen isolated application followed by the application of S-metolachlor in early postemergence was also selective. However, on average, preemergent tank mixtures applied in association with preemergent S-metolachlor early application was not selective to cotton crop.

Weed mapping using techniques of precision agriculture

The aim of this study was to identify and map the weed population in a no-tillage area. Geostatistical techniques were used in the mapping in order to assess this information as a tool for the localized application of herbicides. The area of study is 58.08 hectares wide and was sampled in a fixed square grid (which point spaced 50 m, 232 points) using a GPS receiver. In each point the weeds species and population were analyzed in a square with a 0.25 m2 fixed area. The species Ipomoea grandifolia, Gnaphalium spicatum, Richardia spp. and Emilia sonchifolia have presented no spatial dependence. However, the species Conyza spp., C. echinatus and E. indica have shown a spatial correlation. Among the models tested, the spherical model has shown had a better fit for Conyza spp. and Eleusine indica and the Gaussian model for Cenchrus echinatus. The three species have a clumped spatial distribution. The mapping of weeds can be a tool for localized control, making herbicide use more rational, effective and economical.

INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATION AND SUGARCANE STRAW IN AMINOCYCLOPYRACHLOR AND INDAZIFLAM CONTROL EFFICIENCY

O sistema de colheita da cana crua modificou a dinâmica do manejo de plantas daninhas para essa cultura, alterando as especies infestantes predominantes e proporcionando uma barreira entre o herbicida e o solo. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influencia da precipitacao e da palhada de cana-de-acucar na eficiencia de controle dos herbicidas aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam para as especies Ipomoea triloba e Euphorbia heterophylla. Foram realizados dois ensaios, um para o aminocyclopyrachlor e outro para o indaziflam, ambos em casa de vegetacao no campus da Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourao - PR. Cada experimento foi composto por oito tratamentos com quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinacao entre a presenca de palha (10 t ha-1), a irrigacao por capilaridade e a simulacao de precipitacao (20 mm). Foram realizadas avaliacoes de porcentagem de controle de I. triloba e E. heterophylla alem de numero de plantas por vaso. Os herbicidas aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam aplicados diretamente ao solo foram eficientes no controle dessas especies. A simulacao de precipitacao de 20 mm ou a irrigacao diaria sobre a palha e indispensavel para promover a retirada do aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam da palha e proporcionar controle satisfatorio de I. triloba e E. heterophylla.

Selectivity of chemical weed control systems in conventional cotton

Cotton is highly susceptible to the interference imposed by weed community, being therefore essential to adopt control measures ensuring the crop yield. Herbicides are the primary method of weed control in large-scale areas of production, and usually more than one herbicide application is necessary due to the extensive crop cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of different chemical weed control systems for conventional cotton. The experiment took place in the field in a randomized block design, with twenty nine treatments and four replications in a split plot layout (adjacent double check). Results showed that triple mixtures in pre-emergence increased the chance of observing reductions in the cotton yield. To avoid reductions in crop yield, users should proceed to a maximum mixture of two herbicides in pre-emergence, followed by S-metolachlor over the top, followed by one post-emergence mixture application of pyrithiobac-sodium + trifloxysulfuron-sodium.