Abraham Zaleznik
Harvard University
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Journal of Nursing Administration | 1981
Abraham Zaleznik
The traditional view of management, back in 1977 when Abraham Zaleznik wrote this article, centered on organizational structure and processes. Managerial development at the time focused exclusively on building competence, control, and the appropriate balance of power. That view, Zaleznik argued, omitted the essential leadership elements of inspiration, vision, and human passion which drive corporate success. The difference between managers and leaders, he wrote, lies in the conceptions they hold, deep in their psyches, of chaos and order. Managers embrace process, seek stability and control, and instinctively try to resolve problems quickly--sometimes before they fully understand a problems significance. Leaders, in contrast, tolerate chaos and lack of structure and are willing to delay closure to understand the issues more fully. In this way, Zaleznik argued, business leaders have much more in common with artists, scientists, and other creative thinkers than they do with managers. Organizations need both managers and leaders to succeed, but developing both requires a reduced focus on logic and strategic exercises in favor of an environment where creativity and imagination are permitted to flourish.
The Executive | 1990
Abraham Zaleznik
Executive Overview Zalezniks article is a critical assessment of a mystique that places a premium on the team over the individual as practiced in business and taught in our business schools. Its an argument for substance over process that calls for restoring the individual to his or her proper place as the source of vision and drive that can make an organization unique. The image of leadership projected is one of substance, humanity, and morality, which are qualities Zaleznik believes are painfully short in our collective lives. Good ideas and exciting directions generate enthusiasm, support, and cohesion in an organization. Professional managers with their bag of tools can indeed coordinate and control, but have lost sight of the substance of work in business. Self-esteem follows, not from submerging oneself in the team and following process, but from facing problems, assuming responsibility, and doing good work. Zaleznik argues the business schools have served as socialization plants to fit managers f...
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association | 1991
Abraham Zaleznik
ultimately thinking. In this theoretical perspective, the genesis of persecutory anxiety is central. When Aulagnier follows the fate of object cathexis, which creates unavoidably the “persecutive potentiality” (Dayan) of the object, she deepens one’s understanding of the earliest working of projection within the duality of Eros and Thanatos, when the object is simultaneously “condition of life and cause of death” (Dayan). The last chapter deals with autism, in which the author, in clinical vignettes, refers to patients who regressed to the point of hallucinating, not an object but a sensory perception, as a last-ditch effort to cling to life, a hypercathexis in order to prevent the fall into nothingness. This may happen during an analytic session, and is analyzed in close relation to primitive distress and murderous rage. Throughout the book, the reader will find tvorthwhile considerations on post-partum psychosis, on the ideal ego and ego ideal of the psychotic as compared to the neurotic’s, on the effects of the failure of fantasy formation, on primary masochism-where unpleasure is experienced as intended by the love object, on the therapeutic function of any true psychoanalysis. T h e psychoanalytic process is indeed conceived ultimately as an attempt to free the analysand as far as pdssible from alienation. This is a very rich book that cannot but open up new and deeper perspectives for the psychoanalytic benefit of the reader. .
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association | 1986
Abraham Zaleznik
in the United States, and all are likely to be found in even a minimally stocked medical or psychiatric library. Even so, it is certainly a pleasure to have the papers together in one place on the shelf. The third criterion used to define the book’s value is the editor’s comments. These comments are short, averaging less than a full page per selection. From what is said in the comments, it is clear why each paper was chosen. I, however, was disappointed that these introductions were so very brief. Greater annotation to place the contributions in perspective with regard to one another and to the development of the field would have greatly enhanced the value of the book. The extreme parsimony of the comments is peculiar and unfortunate. In summary, this is a collection of reprints with brief commentaries. T h e selections are good examples of the various psychiatric treatments used with adolescents. Few psychoanalysts, or any other therapists, are likely to be involved with either all of the settings or all of the therapeutic approaches, but the book is useful to analysts who want to know what other treatment modalities are available and what is the basic approach of each.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
Vor einigen Jahren war die Welt und vor allem Amerika Zeuge eines politischen Dramas, das sich als wahre Tragodie abspielte. Brachte dieser Fall nicht ein gewisses Verstandnis der Machtkonflikte unter einflusreichen Menschen mitsich, hatte man ruhig die Uberlegungen daruber an dem Punkt einstellen konnen, wo das menschliche Interesse erschopft war und die tiefere Bedeutung dieses Falles fur das Fuhrungswesen beginnt. Ich beziehe mich hier auf den Fall Adlai Stevenson, der durch einen Artikel von Stewart Alsop und Charles Bartlett in der Saturday Evening Post an die Offentlichkeit gebracht wurde1.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
The Harvard Business Review veroffentlichte einen Artikel mit dem Titel “Democracy is Inevitable” (Die Demokratie ist unvermeidlich)1). Die Autoren dieses Artikels, Warren Bennis und Philip Slater, sind zwei Sozialwissenschaftler, die eine interessante These aufstellten, die besonders als Ausgangspunkt fur dieses abschliesende Kapitel geeignet ist.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
John Gardner stellte in seinem Buch “Excellence”1) die Frage, ob wir eine Gesellschaft der Gleichen und gleichzeitig der Vollkommenen sein konnen. Diese Frage kann man den Fuhrungskraften der Wirtschaft direkt stellen. Da die Wirtschaftswelt immer mehr wachst und immer mehr die Wesenszuge der Bruokratie mit ihren sogenannten rationellen Managementverfahren annimmt, mus man sich fragen, ob es dabei noch moglich ist, hervorragende Leistungen anzuerkennen und zu belohnen, ohne Gedanken an Ungleichheit und besondere Privilegien hervorzurufen.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
Im allgemeinen gibt es zwei bekannte Richtungen, die als “Grundanschauung” fur die Probleme des Menschen in Organisationen um Anerkennung kampfen: die utopische und die individualistische Anschauung.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
Im Dezember 1964 veranstalteten eintausend Studenten der Universitat von Kalifornien in Berkeley eine Sit-in-Demonstration im Hauptverwaltungsgebaude. Am nachsten Tag muste die Polizei auf Befehl der Gouverneurs des Staates die Demonstranten gewaltsam entfernen und verhaften. Vergeltungsmasnahmen der Studentenschaft liesen nicht auf sich warten. Ein von ihr ausgerufener totaler Streik brachte die gesamte akademische Tatigkeit der Universitat zum Erliegen.
Archive | 1976
Abraham Zaleznik
Fuhrungskrafte werden zusehends mit dem Problem konfrontiert, die Auswirkungen der Verhaltenswissenschaften auf Wirtschaftsorganisationen und Managementpraktiken auszuwerten. Manchmal entsteht die Notwendigkeit, auf Grund eines Vorschlages ein Managemententwicklungs- oder Konsultationsprogramm oder auch neue Arbeitsmethoden einzufuhren, die auf verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen basieren. Manchmal wird auch das Interesse dadurch stark angeregt, das das Management neue Losungen fur brennende Probleme sucht. Auf jeden Fall waren sich Fuhrungskrafte schon lange der moglichen gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von Verhaltenswissenschaften und Management durch Forschung, durch die Veroffentlichung von Artikeln und die Entwicklung von entsprechenden Programmen an wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Hochschulen bewust.