Adil Bakoglu

Fatty Acid Composition of the Leaves of Some Salvia Taxa from Turkey

The genus Salvia L. includes more than 900 species and is mostly found in both subtropical and temperate parts of the world; the two largest genetic centers of Salvia L. are in America and Southwest Asia [1, 2]. In Turkey the endemism ratio of Salvia is 48%; thus Turkey is a major genetic center for the genus Salvia [3]. This genus is named “Salvia,” derived from the Latin “Salveo,” which means to “save, to recover” [4]. The seed oils of six Salvia taxa (S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed., S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima, S. trichoclada Benth., S. verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm., S. virgata Jacq., S. ceratophylla L. amounted 69.2% to 58.5% for linoleic acid. The other studied Salvia taxa had ca. 22.9–44.19% content of this component. The linolenic acid contents of these genera showed very different compositional patterns between species. Whereas some species had linolenic acid content lower than 10%, others ranged from ca. 20.8–55.5%. The main differences between groups in Salvia taxa are very interesting. Oleic acid had similar concentrations between the studied Salvia taxa (16.8–23.1%) except S. virgata Jacq. (10.1%). Oleic acid was the third abundant and more constant component in the studied taxa [5]. Fatty acid amounts of plant materials are frequently used as a tool in biochemical systematics and has proved to be valuable in studies of some plant [6–10]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid amounts of the leaves of six Salvia taxa growing in Bingol. The results of the studied Salvia taxa indicated that the dominant fatty acids were -linolenic acid (18:3), linoleic acid (18:2), oleic acid (18:1), eicosanoic acid (20:0), palmitic acid (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). The fatty acid amounts of six taxa of the Salvia are given in Table 1. The fatty acid compositions of Salvia taxa show different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The results of the present study showed that -linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, paullinic acid, and palmitoleic acid were the unsaturated fatty acids in S. virgata was rich in oleic (30.02%) and paullinic acid (3.5%) concentrations (Table 1). In other Salvia taxa, the highest concentrations were linolenic acid (22.1%) in S. brachyantha; oleic acid (34.3%) and eicosanoic acid (13.9%) in S. trichoclada, and palmitoleic acid (6.3%) in S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima (Table 1). The present study showed that the unsaturated fatty acid amount was greater than that of saturated fatty acids. These are characteristics of the plant oils of the Lamiaceae family [11]. The present findings showed that leaves of six Salvia taxa had higher saturated fatty acid amounts than the genera Nepeta, Origanum, Stachys, and Salvia of the Lamiaceae [12–14]. Kursat et al. [6] demonstrated that palmitic acid (4.2–11.7%) and stearic acid (1.0–3.9%) were the major saturated fatty acids among the studied Salvia species. In another study, two individual saturated fatty acid components from five Nepeta species were identified as palmitic acid (4.3–5.8%) and stearic acid (0.9–1.7%) [15]. But Habibvash et al. [16] found that eicosanoic acid was the major saturated fatty acid of nine Salvia taxa (4.7–26.9%). Also they determined that palmitic acid (2.8–6.4%) and stearic acid (0.4–1.9%) were present in the lowest amounts. The present study showed similar results (Table 1). Some studies [17–19] suggested that the unsaturated fatty acid contents of Salvia oils closely resemble each other and that the chief components are linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid. Kilic et al. [20] indicated that the linoleic acid amounts of the three Salvia species studied were 20.8%, 64.3%, and 73.4% and the linolenic acid amounts were 2.9%, 3.8%, and 18.5%, respectively.

Chemical composition of the seeds of some Medicago species

phytochemical properties of some legumes widely [9–12]. The objective of the present study was to determine the tannin, protein contents, and fatty acid composition of the seeds of Medicago L. species (M. disciformis DC., M. polymorpha L., M. intertexta (L.) Mill., M. scutellata (L.) Mill., M. truncatula Gaertn. and M. orbicularis var. marginata (L.) Bart.). The results of the fatty acid analysis are shown in Table 1, and total protein and tannin contents in Table 2. The total protein amounts of the feed crops studied were found to be between 30.50–47.17% in Medicago orbicularis var. marginata and M. truncatula. These were 34.87, 34.93, 36.20, and 38.30% in M. intertexta, M. scutellata, M. disciformis, and M. polymorpha, respectively. The protein levels were determined in fruit, leaf, and steam of Medicago noeana, M. orbicularis, M. polymorpha var. vulgaris, M. rigidula var. submitis, and M. rigidula var. rigidula [7]. According to them, the protein levels studied were found to be between 20% and 30%. The protein levels of fruits were found to be higher than those in leaf and steam. On the other hand, the protein contents of fruit of M. noeana, M. orbicularis, and M. polymorpha var.vulgaris were found to be higher than in fruits of other species. The tannin amounts of feed crops studied were found to be between 0.27–1.23% in M. orbicularis var. marginata and M. scutellata. The others comprise 0.30% (M. intertexta) and 0.70% (M. disciformis, M. polymorpha and M. truncatula), respectively. It was reported that condensed tannin may act as anthelmintics against parasitic nematodes or indirectly by improving nitrogen supply [13–15]. The main components in the seed oils of Medicago species were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The other fatty acids of the legume seed oils (arachidic and lignoceric acid) in the studied species were shown to be lower than 1% except for M. truncatula (Table 1). This is similar to those reported [12]. On the other hand, behenic acid was at the highest level in M. disciformis (1.11%). Some researches have indicated that oils with high levels of long-chain SFA such as behenic acid may be difficult for digesting enzymes to digest in humans and animals [16]. The results of the present study, as far as unsaturated fatty acid content is concerned, are supported by previous leguminous studies [12, 17, 18]. All these studies showed that the saturated, and particularly unsaturated, fatty acid contents of Fabaceae seed oils are closely allied to each other and that the main components in the oils are linoleic-oleic type fatty acids. Seed Samples. Matured seeds of these species were collected from various locations in Adana (Turkey) between June and August 2009.

Prediction of dry matter accumulation in bitter vetch

This study was carried out in Bingol province on eastern Anatolian Region between 2013 and 2015. In this study, we obtained 14 bitter vetch genotypes from different sources. The experiment was carried our in three replications in randomized block design. Each plant was weekly measured for 6 weeks starting from germination. For each plant, plant height, fresh and dry stem weight, fresh and dry leaf weights were determined. Logistic, Richards and Weibull growth models were fitted to describe the growth pattern of the genotypes. The best fitting model criteria used were coefficient of determination and mean squared. Richards’s growth model was found to best fit the data for most of the genotypes. Logistic model was the worst fit. In Turkey, climate and soil properties have very large variations. For this, local genotypes showed large variation according to plating areas. YEREL LICE genotype showed more stable and it is the height identified all growth models than other local genotypes. However, IFVE 2923 SEL and IFVE 2977 SEL 2802 these genotypes gave positive results in different environmental conditions.

Agricultural Properties of Some Lines and Varietes of Common Vetch from Bingöl (Eastern Anatoila)

Abstract With this study, yield and some agronomical characteristics of twenty one different common vetch lines (Vicia sativa L.) were investigated under dry conditions of Eastern Anatoila Region of Turkey during the 2014 growing season. Research was established as a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. The results of variance analyzes showed that there were statistically significant differences among some characters (seed number per pod, P<0.05); plant height, seed yield, crude ash, crude protein and NDF (Pd”0.01). In addition several quality traits; such as plant height, green herbage yield, dry herbage yield, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed yield, 1000 grain weight, crude ash ratio, crude protein ratio, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were analyzed and important results were obtained.

Analysis of some plant measures of narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) effecting plant length using path analysis

The direct and indirect effects of sizes of fresh stem weight, dry stem weight, fresh leafweight, dry leaf weighton plant height of narbon vetch were in vestigated using path analysis in Bingol in 2014-15 years. The plant measures of narbon vetch between 4 and 6 weeks of planting were used.The results showed that the highest correlations at 5 week narbon vetch were determined between plant length and respectively dry stem weightand fresh stem weight(r =0.849 and r =0.824). The direct effects of fresh stem weight, dry stem weight, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight on plant length at 6 week narbon vetcies were determined respectively as 51.341%, 50.148%, 37.782%, and 24.276%, respectively. As a result, fresh stem weight, dry stem weight were the most efficient characters on plant length and it was concluded that these characters could be considered as significant selection criterias in narbon vetch breeding for yield under that the conditions.

Seed Fatty Acid Composition of Some Medicago L. and Melilotus L. (Fabaceae) Taxa From Turkey

Abstract Fatty acids composition of plant oil of Medicago disciformis DC., Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bart., Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill var. ciliaris (L.) Heyn., Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill., Melilotus alba Desr. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. were analyzed. The fatty acid composition of these six different taxa were determined by gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition of plants used to this study showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The main fatty acids found were linoleic acid (19.43-56.25%), linolenic acid (22.10-36.35%), oleic acid (18.56-31.21%), stearic acid (3.16-5.09%) and palmitic acid (11.93-23.37%); while other fatty acids were found in minor proportions. As a result, present study determined that all taxa had the highest total unsaturated fatty acid amounts (69.81-82.53%) and the lowest total saturated fatty acid amounts (17.47-30.19%). The higgest unsaturated fatty acid determinated to Melilotus officinalis (82.53%), the lowest in Medicago intertexta (69.81%). In the study of species, palmitic and stearic acid were found, the major saturated fatty acids. The other hand oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in major unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of studied plants oils could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker.