Kağan Kökten

Fatty Acid and Metal Composition of the Seeds of Vicia ervilia Varieties from Turkey

Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) of the Fabaceae family is grown in Asiatic Turkey, central and northern Spain, and other countries of the Mediterranean region and western United States; the seed is exported to the United Kingdom and other countries for feed, especially for sheep. The antinutritional factors of the species of the genus Vicia, in addition to affecting the nutritional value of the grain, can cause pathological changes of varying extent in animals that consume them, especially birds. The seed is the part mainly used in this group of legumes, although they are also grown as green fodder or hay and play an important role as a green manure, which is dug in at the end of the winter to improve soil fertility. The straw of these legumes is of high nutritional value for livestock [1]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid (FA) and trace elements of the seeds of Vicia ervilia L. varieties. In addition, during the course of this study, our aim was to characterize seed fatty acids used by animals in the field, to establish the nutritional value, and to contribute to the renewable resources of FA and other chemical patterns in these crops. The results of the fatty acid analysis are shown in Table 1, and of the trace elements, in Table 2. The fatty acid composition of some bitter vetch varieties used as feed crops showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The main components in the seed oils of the feed crops were linolenic, oleic, palmitic, myristic, stearic, and linoleic acids. Linoleic acid, undoubtedly, is one of the most important polyunsaturated fatty acids in human food because of its ability to prevent heart and vascular diseases [2]. The saturated acid components of the seed oils relieved that low-molecular weight acids (caproic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids) commonly found in all the investigated varieties. The total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) concentrations of the feed crop oils studied were between 22.34 and 37.25%. On the other hand, the total unsaturated FA contents (TUSFA) of the seed oils were higher than the TSFA, between 62.75 and 75.22%. Linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid components were reported as the main USFA components in Vicia [3], Colutea, Gonocytisus, Lupinus, Vicia, Hedysarum, Onobrychis, Trigonella [4], and Astragalus [5, 6] genera patterns and also in some other family patterns like Euphorbiaceae [7]. The high USFA contents in these seed crops have nutritional significance. As far as unsaturated fatty acid content is concerned, the present study is supported by previous reports [4, 6, 8–11] that suggest that the unsaturated FA contents of legume seed oils closely resemble each other and the abundant components are the linoleic–palmitic and/or oleic acids type FA [12]. The concentrations of the elements in the seeds are presented in Table 2. All data are averages of three measurements on each sample. The levels of metals were calculated on g·g–1 dry weight. Eight elements (Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, Zn, Fe, Mg, and B) were detected in the crop seeds in different amounts. The contents of elements in the crop seeds were Cu 6.91–9.11, Mn 10.55–12.94, Zn 107.3–154.9, Fe 57.84–81.79, Mg 1014–1119, B 2.70–6.24, Mo 0.35–1.44, and Na 10.14– 17.63 g·g–1 (Table 2). The role of trace elements in human nutrition and disease cannot be overemphasized. Even though the mineral elements form a small proportion of the total composition of most plant materials and total body weight and do not contribute to the energy value of the food, they are of great physiological importance particularly in body metabolism [13]. It is of interest that the prevalent mineral element in the seeds is Mg, which is present in amounts of 1014–1119 g·g–1 dry weight in all varieties (Table 2). The high quantity of potassium, magnesium, and calcium together with the quantity of sodium plus the content of the essential elements iron, manganese, zinc, and copper make excellent sources of bioelements [14]. It is recommended that these seeds be used in the preparation of diets of individuals with low levels of these mineral elements.

Fatty Acid Composition of the Leaves of Some Salvia Taxa from Turkey

The genus Salvia L. includes more than 900 species and is mostly found in both subtropical and temperate parts of the world; the two largest genetic centers of Salvia L. are in America and Southwest Asia [1, 2]. In Turkey the endemism ratio of Salvia is 48%; thus Turkey is a major genetic center for the genus Salvia [3]. This genus is named “Salvia,” derived from the Latin “Salveo,” which means to “save, to recover” [4]. The seed oils of six Salvia taxa (S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed., S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima, S. trichoclada Benth., S. verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm., S. virgata Jacq., S. ceratophylla L. amounted 69.2% to 58.5% for linoleic acid. The other studied Salvia taxa had ca. 22.9–44.19% content of this component. The linolenic acid contents of these genera showed very different compositional patterns between species. Whereas some species had linolenic acid content lower than 10%, others ranged from ca. 20.8–55.5%. The main differences between groups in Salvia taxa are very interesting. Oleic acid had similar concentrations between the studied Salvia taxa (16.8–23.1%) except S. virgata Jacq. (10.1%). Oleic acid was the third abundant and more constant component in the studied taxa [5]. Fatty acid amounts of plant materials are frequently used as a tool in biochemical systematics and has proved to be valuable in studies of some plant [6–10]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid amounts of the leaves of six Salvia taxa growing in Bingol. The results of the studied Salvia taxa indicated that the dominant fatty acids were -linolenic acid (18:3), linoleic acid (18:2), oleic acid (18:1), eicosanoic acid (20:0), palmitic acid (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). The fatty acid amounts of six taxa of the Salvia are given in Table 1. The fatty acid compositions of Salvia taxa show different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The results of the present study showed that -linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, paullinic acid, and palmitoleic acid were the unsaturated fatty acids in S. virgata was rich in oleic (30.02%) and paullinic acid (3.5%) concentrations (Table 1). In other Salvia taxa, the highest concentrations were linolenic acid (22.1%) in S. brachyantha; oleic acid (34.3%) and eicosanoic acid (13.9%) in S. trichoclada, and palmitoleic acid (6.3%) in S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima (Table 1). The present study showed that the unsaturated fatty acid amount was greater than that of saturated fatty acids. These are characteristics of the plant oils of the Lamiaceae family [11]. The present findings showed that leaves of six Salvia taxa had higher saturated fatty acid amounts than the genera Nepeta, Origanum, Stachys, and Salvia of the Lamiaceae [12–14]. Kursat et al. [6] demonstrated that palmitic acid (4.2–11.7%) and stearic acid (1.0–3.9%) were the major saturated fatty acids among the studied Salvia species. In another study, two individual saturated fatty acid components from five Nepeta species were identified as palmitic acid (4.3–5.8%) and stearic acid (0.9–1.7%) [15]. But Habibvash et al. [16] found that eicosanoic acid was the major saturated fatty acid of nine Salvia taxa (4.7–26.9%). Also they determined that palmitic acid (2.8–6.4%) and stearic acid (0.4–1.9%) were present in the lowest amounts. The present study showed similar results (Table 1). Some studies [17–19] suggested that the unsaturated fatty acid contents of Salvia oils closely resemble each other and that the chief components are linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid. Kilic et al. [20] indicated that the linoleic acid amounts of the three Salvia species studied were 20.8%, 64.3%, and 73.4% and the linolenic acid amounts were 2.9%, 3.8%, and 18.5%, respectively.

FATTY ACID AND METAL COMPOSITION OF THE SEEDS OF Lathyrus sativus VARIETIES

Among the grain legumes from the Old World, we may single out two species of the genus Lathyrus (L. sativus L. and L. cicera L.), one species of the genus Trigonella (T. foenum-graecum L.), and three species of the genus Vicia (V. ervilia (L). Willd., V. monanthos (L). Desf. and V. narbonensis L.) on account of their current state of marginalization [1]. Lathyrus genus, which is in Leguminosea, is large, with 187 species and subspecies [2]. The main centers of diversity in the genus are around the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, North America, and temperate region of South America [3, 4]. The widespread use of legumes makes this food group an important source of lipid and fatty acids in animal and human nutrition. Some publications dealing with the total lipid and fatty acid composition are reviewed by a few researchers [5–7]. Metal ions, metal complexes, and vitamins are materials that play an important role in vital functions of organisms [8]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid and trace elements of the seeds of Lathyrus sativus L. varieties. In addition, during the course of this study, we aimed to characterize the seed fatty acids used by animals in the field, to establish the nutritional value, and to make contributions as to the renewable resources of FA and other chemical patterns in these crops. The results of the fatty acid analysis are shown in Table 1, and the trace elements ara shown in Table 2. The fatty acid composition of some Lathyrus varieties used as feed crops from the Fabaceae family showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The total unsaturated fatty acids (TUSFA) of the studied Lathyrus varieties were found to be between 63.54 and 72.45%. Oleic acid (18:1) of these varieties ranged from 17.91 to 22.46%. Linoleic acid of these varieties ranged from 39.61 to 43.18%. A number of studies suggest that the unsaturated fatty acid component of Fabaceae seed oils resembles each other, and oleic and linoleic acid (18:3) were the main components in seed oil [9]. Oleic and linoleic acid are the principal component acids (about 65% of the total fatty acids). The percentages of these two acids are inversely correlated – some of the legume oils are rich in linoleic acid, whereas in others oleic acid is present in larger amounts [10]. Linolenic acid was also detected in the seed oil of Lathyrus varieties, but at very low levels in all of the patterns when compared with linoleic and oleic acid. For edible purposes, oil should have a minimal amount of linolenic acid since it is commonly thought to be the prime constituent responsible for reversion to undesirable flavors in stored oils and in food products containing vegetable oils [10]. Total saturated fatty acids (TSFA) of the studied Lathyrus varieties were found between 27.54 and 36.18%. In terms of the saturated acid components of the seed oils, palmitic acid was found abundant. These results were supported by other studies [11]. Saturated acid components of the seed oils revealed that the low-molecular-weight acids caproic (6:0), caprylic (8:0), and capric (10:0) acids commonly occur in all the investigated varieties. There is some evidence that the rarer fatty acids, like nonprotein amino acids, may be harmful to animals eating the seeds 12. The concentrations of the elements in the seeds are presented in Table 2. All data are averages of three measurements on each sample. The levels of metals were calculated on g/g dry weight. Eight elements (Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, Zn, Fe, Mg, and B) were detected in the crop seeds in different amounts. Magnesium is a critical structural component of the chlorophyll molecule and is necessary for the function of plant enzymes to produce carbohydrates, sugars, and fats. The high quantity of potassium, magnesium, and calcium together with the quantity of sodium plus the content of the essential elements iron, manganese, zinc, and copper allow the seeds to be considered as excellent sources of bioelements [12].

Chemical composition of the seeds of some Medicago species

phytochemical properties of some legumes widely [9–12]. The objective of the present study was to determine the tannin, protein contents, and fatty acid composition of the seeds of Medicago L. species (M. disciformis DC., M. polymorpha L., M. intertexta (L.) Mill., M. scutellata (L.) Mill., M. truncatula Gaertn. and M. orbicularis var. marginata (L.) Bart.). The results of the fatty acid analysis are shown in Table 1, and total protein and tannin contents in Table 2. The total protein amounts of the feed crops studied were found to be between 30.50–47.17% in Medicago orbicularis var. marginata and M. truncatula. These were 34.87, 34.93, 36.20, and 38.30% in M. intertexta, M. scutellata, M. disciformis, and M. polymorpha, respectively. The protein levels were determined in fruit, leaf, and steam of Medicago noeana, M. orbicularis, M. polymorpha var. vulgaris, M. rigidula var. submitis, and M. rigidula var. rigidula [7]. According to them, the protein levels studied were found to be between 20% and 30%. The protein levels of fruits were found to be higher than those in leaf and steam. On the other hand, the protein contents of fruit of M. noeana, M. orbicularis, and M. polymorpha var.vulgaris were found to be higher than in fruits of other species. The tannin amounts of feed crops studied were found to be between 0.27–1.23% in M. orbicularis var. marginata and M. scutellata. The others comprise 0.30% (M. intertexta) and 0.70% (M. disciformis, M. polymorpha and M. truncatula), respectively. It was reported that condensed tannin may act as anthelmintics against parasitic nematodes or indirectly by improving nitrogen supply [13–15]. The main components in the seed oils of Medicago species were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The other fatty acids of the legume seed oils (arachidic and lignoceric acid) in the studied species were shown to be lower than 1% except for M. truncatula (Table 1). This is similar to those reported [12]. On the other hand, behenic acid was at the highest level in M. disciformis (1.11%). Some researches have indicated that oils with high levels of long-chain SFA such as behenic acid may be difficult for digesting enzymes to digest in humans and animals [16]. The results of the present study, as far as unsaturated fatty acid content is concerned, are supported by previous leguminous studies [12, 17, 18]. All these studies showed that the saturated, and particularly unsaturated, fatty acid contents of Fabaceae seed oils are closely allied to each other and that the main components in the oils are linoleic-oleic type fatty acids. Seed Samples. Matured seeds of these species were collected from various locations in Adana (Turkey) between June and August 2009.

Bingöl Koşullarında Bazı Burçak [Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd] Genotiplerinin Ot Verimi ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Bu calismada, Bingol ekolojik kosullarinda yetistirilen bazi burcak [ Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd] genotiplerinin ot verimi ve bazi kalite ozelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Arastirma; Bingol Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Arastirma ve Uygulama arazisinde 2014-2015 yillarinda yazlik yetistirme sezonunda yurutulmustur. Arastirmada, 14 adet burcak genotipi (IFVE 248-SEL 2785, IFVE 973-SEL 2795, IFVE 2698-SEL 2798, IFVE 2920-SEL 2801 IFVE 3977-SEL 2802, IFVE 3351-SEL 2804, Yerel Lice, D-357, MP, HAT-3, HAT-9, HAT-13, HAT-14 ve HAT-17) bitki materyal olarak kullanilmistir. Calismada tarla denemesi, tesaduf bloklari deneme desenine gore uc tekrarlamali olarak kurulmustur. Arastirmada; bitki boyu, yesil ot verimi, kuru ot verimi, ham kul orani, ham protein orani, ham protein verimi, asit deterjanda cozunmeyen lif (ADF), notral deterjanda cozunmeyen lif (NDF), sindirilebilir kuru madde orani, kuru madde tuketimi ve nispi yem degeri parametreleri incelenmistir. Arastirmada sonucunda, bitki boyu disinda incelenen tum ozellikler bakimindan genotipler arasinda istatistiki olarak p<0.05 ve/veya p<0.01 duzeyinde onemli farkliliklar belirlenmistir. Iki yillik arastirma sonucuna gore, kuru ot ve ham protein verimi ile ADF ve NDF oranlari dikkate alindiginda, IFVE 248-SEL 2785, IFVE 3977-SEL 2802 ve HAT-14 genotiplerinin one ciktigi; adi gecen bu genotiplerin yorede kaba yem uretimine katki saglamasi bakimindan ivedilikle islah calismalarina alinmasi onerilmistir.

CURRENT SITUATION OF DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE IN TERMS OF CROP PRODUCTION

This study was carried out to determine current situation in terms of crop production in the province of Diyarbakir. This study, sowing-planting areas and production-yield values of field and horticultural crops were revealed. Total crop production of the province is 5 984 430 decares. Field crop production is practiced in 90.3% of the land used for crop production and horticultural production in 7.0% of it, while the remainder 2.7% is left to fallow. Diyarbakir is the granary of the region. Wheat from cereals, lentil from legumes, cotton from industrial plants, and corn silage from forage crops are grown the most in Diyarbakir. Watermelon and tomato are the most widely grown vegetable and plum and mulberry are the most widely grown fruit in the province. Diyarbakir also has a significant potential for viticulture.

Prediction of dry matter accumulation in bitter vetch

This study was carried out in Bingol province on eastern Anatolian Region between 2013 and 2015. In this study, we obtained 14 bitter vetch genotypes from different sources. The experiment was carried our in three replications in randomized block design. Each plant was weekly measured for 6 weeks starting from germination. For each plant, plant height, fresh and dry stem weight, fresh and dry leaf weights were determined. Logistic, Richards and Weibull growth models were fitted to describe the growth pattern of the genotypes. The best fitting model criteria used were coefficient of determination and mean squared. Richards’s growth model was found to best fit the data for most of the genotypes. Logistic model was the worst fit. In Turkey, climate and soil properties have very large variations. For this, local genotypes showed large variation according to plating areas. YEREL LICE genotype showed more stable and it is the height identified all growth models than other local genotypes. However, IFVE 2923 SEL and IFVE 2977 SEL 2802 these genotypes gave positive results in different environmental conditions.

Assessment of Genotype × Trait × Environment interactions of silage maize genotypes through GGE Biplot

In yield experiments conducted at different environments, assessment of Genotype × Environment interactions for investigated traits is a quite significant issue for both agronomists and breeders. GGE biplot analysis was employed in this study to assess the Genotype × Trait, Environment × Trait and Trait Association × Environment of five different traits (silage yield [SY], stem diameter [SD], green leaf weight ratio &91;GLWR], green stem weight ratio [GSWR], green corn cob ratio [GCCR] and plant height [PH]) of 25 silage maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes grown in six environments. The biplot graphs created in this study to assess Genotype × Trait, Environment × Trait and Environment × Trait correlation interactions were able to explain respectively 86%, 92%, and 83% of total variation of experiments. Current findings revealed that the genotype G18 (Safak), with the greatest silage yield in Genotype Trait biplot (GT biplot) also had the greatest SD; DIY14 (DIYARBAKIR-2014) with the greatest distance from the origin over Environment Trait (ET-biplot) graph was the most distinctive environment; SD with the greatest vector length was the most distinctive trait; DIY14 and DIY15 environments were the best environments for PH, GSWR, SY and SD. It was concluded that GGE biplot method with different perspectives could reliably be used in assessment of silage characteristics of maize genotypes grown in different environments.

GT Biplot Analysis for Silage Potential, Nutritive Value, Gas and Methane Production of Stay-Green Grain Sorghum Shoots

Bu calisma, GT Biplot analizi kullanilarak kalici yesil sorgum genotiplerinin olasi silajini arastirmak icin yurutulmustur . Tahil hasatini takiben, 41 sorgum genotipi silaj yapmak icin dogranmistir. Biyokimyasal analizler, 60 gun silajdan sonra gerceklestirildi. Sonuclar, yesil ot veriminin 13.40-65.96 t ha- 1 arasinda degistigini ortaya koymustur kuru madde oranlari% 24.26-35.83, ham protein orani% 3.44-7.03, ADF oranlari% 27.46-52.01, NDF oranlari% 40.80-69.12, ham kul oranlari% 5.89-15.14, laktik asit icerigi% 1.657-4.914, propionik asit icerigi% 0.000-0.247 arasindadir. Metan uretim degerleri 14.15-21.80%; gaz uretimi 18.51-47.36 mL arasinda, metabolik enerji (ME) 6.68-11.67 MJ / kg DM ve organik madde sindirilebilirligi (OMD) arasinda% 47.20-89.93 arasinda degismektedir. GT biplot analizine gore, asetik, butirik ve propiyonik asitler, pH, kul ve protein icerikleri arasinda metan, ME, OMD ve gaz-metan uretimi arasinda ADF, NDF ve DM arasinda pozitif korelasyonlar vardi; gaz uretimi, ADF ve NDF ile bitki ortusu verimi, ham protein, organik asitler, pH ve ham kul arasinda negatif korelasyonlar vardi. Genotipler arasinda, Sugar grazer, herbisit verimi, G4 ve G3 genotipleri ham protein ile belirgindi. Butun parametreleri goz onune alirsak, genotip G20 ideal genotip gibiydi. Bazi silaj ornekleri silaj ve beslenme ozelliklerini dusuk olmasina ragmen, bazilari tam sorgum silajina kiyasla oldukca yakin degerler hatta daha yuksek degerler vermistir. Kisin hayvancilik icin kaliteli bir kaba yem kaynagi olusturabilirler. Kalici yesil genotipler uzerine daha fazla islah calismalari, bitki ve hayvancilik uretim faaliyetlerine onemli katkilar saglayabilir Bazilari tam sorgum silajindan daha yuksek degere sahipti. Kisin hayvancilik icin kaliteli bir kaba yem kaynagi olusturabilirler. Kalici yesil genotipler uzerine daha fazla islah calismalari, bitki ve hayvancilik uretim faaliyetlerine onemli katkilar saglayabilir Bazilari tam sorgum silajindan daha yuksek degere sahipti. Kisin hayvancilik icin kaliteli bir kaba yem kaynagi olusturabilirler. Kalici yesil genotipler uzerine daha fazla islah calismalari, bitki ve hayvancilik uretim faaliyetlerine onemli katkilar saglayabilir

Fatty Acid Compositions of the Seeds of Some Trifolium Species

The Mediterranean region is very rich in Trifolium species, particularly in Turkey where it is common and represented by 103 species [1]. The widespread use of legumes makes this food group an important source of lipid and fatty acids in animal and human nutrition. Some publications related to the total lipid and fatty acid composition have been reviewed by a few researchers [2–8]. An accurate assessment of the profile and percentage total fatty acids from fresh forage is crucial when studying the biohydrogenation of fatty acid from fresh plants [9]. After harvesting, loss of lipids in forages occurs due to the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids through the activity of plant lipases [10] and lipoxygenases [11], decreasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acids [12]. The aim of the present study was to determine the fatty acid contents of the seeds of T. lappaceum, T. pilulare, T. compastre, T. resupinatum, and T. angustifolium species. The results of the fatty acid analysis are shown in Table 1. The fatty acid composition of some plants used as feed crops from Trifolium species showed different SFA and UFA concentrations. In all the Trifolium studied, linoleic acid was found to be the major component (35.89–68.28%). Linoleic acid was found in the greatest proportion in the seed oil. Among the species, superior linoleic acid content was observed in T. lappaceum (68.28%). The oleic acid content was at the highest level in T. pilulare (41.97%) but at the lowest level in T. resupinatum (13.38%) and T. compastre (16.78%). T. lappaceum and T. angustifolium did not contain any oleic acid. The linolenic acid content was at the highest level in T. angustifolium (12.72%) but at the lowest level in T. pilulare (2.57%). The seed oils of all the species were richer in linoleic acid than linolenic acid. In the study, palmitic acid and stearic acid were found to contain the highest amounts of SFAs. Their contents were observed to be from 16.32 to 20.47% and from 2.87 to 5.83%, respectively. The maximum contents were found in T. resupinatum, while the lowest levels were found in T. compastre as palmitic acid and stearic acid. The TSFA content of Trifolium species was between 19.21 and 27.66%. T. pilulare has the lowest level of saturated acid, while T. resupinatum has the highest amount of SFA (Table 1). However, the UFA concentration of Trifolium species was as high as those reported in other family members of Fabaceae [3, 13, 14], Lamiaceae [15], and Apiaceae [16]. In our study, UFAs largely predominated over SFAs. While the highest content of UFA (80.79%) was found in T. pilulare followed by T. compastre (77.70%), T. lappaceum (74.43%), and T. angustifolium (73.81%), the lowest values were found in T. resupinatum (72.34%). Bakoglu et al. [3] found UFA concentrations of 83.46 and 78.55% in Medicago sativa and Medicago lupiluna, respectively. We have used the biplot to compare Trifolium species on the basis of fatty acid compositions and to identify species or groups of Trifolium that are particularly promising in certain aspects [17]. The biplot displays 80% of information in the standardized data for the five Trifolium species for 14 fatty acids, which is partially presented in Table 1. Interpretation of the biplot also shows that T. pilulare has the highest concentration of oleic acid and TUSFA (Total unsaturated fatty acid). T. resupinatum has the highest levels of myristic acid and palmitic acid. T. compastre has the highest levels of pentadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, gadoleic acid, heneicosanoic acid, linoleic acid, and behenic acid. T. lappaceum and T. angustifolium has the highest contents of stearic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, and TSFA.