Ömer Kılıç

RP-HPLC/MS/MS Analysis of the Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia L. Species

The identification and quantification of the phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of three Salvia L. species namely S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed, S. aethiopis L., and S. microstegia Boiss. and Bal. were evaluated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, UV adsorption, and mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of these species, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing assay (CUPRAC) and ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing assay (FRAP) were performed to screen the reducing capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed for evaluation of the radical scavenging activity for both solvents. In further investigation, the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species were tested using the disc diffusion method against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative microbial species, as well as three fungi species. The results showed that there is a total of 18 detectable phenols, the most abundant of which was kaempferol in S. microstegia and rosmarinic acids in S. brachyantha and S aethiopis. The other major phenols were found to be apigenin, luteolin, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid. All species tested showed moderate and lower antioxidant activity than standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extracts of Salvia species revealed a wide range of antimicrobial activity. S. brachyantha and S. microstegia showed the highest antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, whereas S. aethiopis was more effective on Y. lipolytica. None of the extracts showed anti-fungal activity against S. cerevisiae. Thus these species could be valuable due to their bioactive compounds.

Composition of the Volatile Oils of Two Anthemis L. Taxa from Turkey

The essential oils of water-distilled aerial parts of Anthemis pseudocotula and Anthemis cretica subsp. pontica (Asteraceae) were analysed by GC-MS. As a result thirty-five and forty compounds were identified representing 93.1% and 89.0% of the oils, respectively. The main compounds of A. pseudocotula were 1,8-cineole (39.40%), camphor (9.36%), artemisiaketone (5.68%), filifolene (5.15%), and α-terpineol (4.69%), whereas β-caryophyllene (20.26%), azulene (14.98%), spathulenol (6.03%), and germacrene D (5.82%) were the major constituents of A. cretica subsp. pontica

Assessment of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Nepeta trachonitica: Analysis of Its Phenolic Compounds Using HPLC-MS/MS

Continuing our work on the sources of natural bioactive compounds, we evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Nepeta trachonitica as well as its major phenolic content using the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) technique. For antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods were performed to measure the reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of the sample. For antimicrobial activity, three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative microbial species as well as three fungi species were tested. N. trachonitica appeared to have reasonable antioxidant activity and decent antimicrobial activity as indicated by the inhibition of the organisms’ growth. The most susceptible species were Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 among the organisms tested. Ethanol extract of the plant has the highest effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae but no effect on Yarrowia lipolytica. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that at least 11 major phenolic compounds of N. trachonitica exist, the major ones being rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and quinic acid. The obtained results suggest that N. trachonitica could be a promising source for food and nutraceutical industries because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds.

Chemical Composition of Four Salvia L. Species From Turkey: A Chemotaxonomic Approach

Abstract In this study the chemical composition of four Salvia L. species (S. trichoclada Bentham., S. virgata Jacq., S. ceratophylla L., S. multicaulis Vahl.) from Turkey, were analyzed by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry) system. Forty, forty one, forty three and thirty nine compounds were identified representing 91.9 %, 90.4 %, 89.7 %, 88.4 % of the S. trichoclada, S. virgata, S. ceratophylla and S. multicaulis oils, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide (25.1 %), spathulenol (15.4 %) and β-pinene (12.3 %) were identified to be the main constituents of S. trichoclada. 1,8-Cineole (20.3 %), α-copaene (18.6 %) and germacrene D (17.6 %) were determined the major compounds of S. virgata. Germacrene D (23.6 %), α-copaene (19.4 %) and 1,8-cineole (7.8 %) were found to be the main constituents of S. ceratophylla. Caryophyllene oxide (22.5 %), spathulenol (12.7 %) and β-pinene (7.5 %) were detected to be the main constituents of S. multicaulis. The results were discussed in view of chemotaxonomy and natural products.

Essential Oil Composition of Wiedemannia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Genus from Turkey: A Chemotaxonomic Approach

Abstract The essential oils water distilled aerial parts of Wiedemannia orientalis Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Wiedemannia multifida (L.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) were investigated by GC and GC-MS. Thirty seven and thirty six compounds were identified comprising representing 93.4 % and 94.9 % of the total components in the oils, respectively. Germacrene D (23.3 %), thymol (16.4 %) and carvacrol (12.3 %) in W. orientalis; germacrene D (29.8 %), thymol (19.3 %) and β-caryophyllene (13.9 %) were identified as major components in W. multifida. The chemical distribution of the essential oil compounds in the genus pattern were discussed in means of chemotaxonomy and natural products.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Senecio vernalis Waldst. Et Kit. (Asteraceae) from Turkey

Abstract The chemical composition of essential oil of Senecio vernalis (Asteraceae) from Turkey was analyzed by GC and GC-MS system. The yield of the oil is 0.4 ml. The essential oil composition of S.vernalis was studied and thirty nine components representing 91.5 % of the total oil were identified. The main constituents of S.vernalis were β-phellandrene (12.6 %), 1,8-cineole (9.2 %), caryophyllene oxide (7.3 %), β-selinene (6.3 %) and limonene (6.2 %). The chemical distribution of essential oil compounds in the genus pattern were discussed in means of chemotaxonomy and natural products.

Fatty Acid Composition of the Leaves of Some Salvia Taxa from Turkey

The genus Salvia L. includes more than 900 species and is mostly found in both subtropical and temperate parts of the world; the two largest genetic centers of Salvia L. are in America and Southwest Asia [1, 2]. In Turkey the endemism ratio of Salvia is 48%; thus Turkey is a major genetic center for the genus Salvia [3]. This genus is named “Salvia,” derived from the Latin “Salveo,” which means to “save, to recover” [4]. The seed oils of six Salvia taxa (S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed., S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima, S. trichoclada Benth., S. verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm., S. virgata Jacq., S. ceratophylla L. amounted 69.2% to 58.5% for linoleic acid. The other studied Salvia taxa had ca. 22.9–44.19% content of this component. The linolenic acid contents of these genera showed very different compositional patterns between species. Whereas some species had linolenic acid content lower than 10%, others ranged from ca. 20.8–55.5%. The main differences between groups in Salvia taxa are very interesting. Oleic acid had similar concentrations between the studied Salvia taxa (16.8–23.1%) except S. virgata Jacq. (10.1%). Oleic acid was the third abundant and more constant component in the studied taxa [5]. Fatty acid amounts of plant materials are frequently used as a tool in biochemical systematics and has proved to be valuable in studies of some plant [6–10]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid amounts of the leaves of six Salvia taxa growing in Bingol. The results of the studied Salvia taxa indicated that the dominant fatty acids were -linolenic acid (18:3), linoleic acid (18:2), oleic acid (18:1), eicosanoic acid (20:0), palmitic acid (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). The fatty acid amounts of six taxa of the Salvia are given in Table 1. The fatty acid compositions of Salvia taxa show different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The results of the present study showed that -linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, paullinic acid, and palmitoleic acid were the unsaturated fatty acids in S. virgata was rich in oleic (30.02%) and paullinic acid (3.5%) concentrations (Table 1). In other Salvia taxa, the highest concentrations were linolenic acid (22.1%) in S. brachyantha; oleic acid (34.3%) and eicosanoic acid (13.9%) in S. trichoclada, and palmitoleic acid (6.3%) in S. candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima (Table 1). The present study showed that the unsaturated fatty acid amount was greater than that of saturated fatty acids. These are characteristics of the plant oils of the Lamiaceae family [11]. The present findings showed that leaves of six Salvia taxa had higher saturated fatty acid amounts than the genera Nepeta, Origanum, Stachys, and Salvia of the Lamiaceae [12–14]. Kursat et al. [6] demonstrated that palmitic acid (4.2–11.7%) and stearic acid (1.0–3.9%) were the major saturated fatty acids among the studied Salvia species. In another study, two individual saturated fatty acid components from five Nepeta species were identified as palmitic acid (4.3–5.8%) and stearic acid (0.9–1.7%) [15]. But Habibvash et al. [16] found that eicosanoic acid was the major saturated fatty acid of nine Salvia taxa (4.7–26.9%). Also they determined that palmitic acid (2.8–6.4%) and stearic acid (0.4–1.9%) were present in the lowest amounts. The present study showed similar results (Table 1). Some studies [17–19] suggested that the unsaturated fatty acid contents of Salvia oils closely resemble each other and that the chief components are linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid. Kilic et al. [20] indicated that the linoleic acid amounts of the three Salvia species studied were 20.8%, 64.3%, and 73.4% and the linolenic acid amounts were 2.9%, 3.8%, and 18.5%, respectively.

Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Endemic Phlomis sieheana Rech. From Bingol (Turkey)

Abstract Phlomis sieheana Rech. is a native plant belongs to Lamiaceae family; which can use in modern medicine and in different industries for its essential oils. The chemical composition essential oils of Phlomis sieheana was analyzed by GC-MS. Eventually fifty six components, representing 89.6% of the total oil were identified. The main compounds of P. sieheana were determined as β-caryophyllene (10.8%), germacrene D (15.6%) and α-pinene (7.8%). The chemical distribution of the essential oil compounds in the genus pattern discussed in means of natural products. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against seven Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6337, Brevibacillus brevis, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis IM 622, Bacillus cereus EMC 19, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 P, Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 5348) and the nine Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium NRRLE 4413, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Klabsiella pneumoniae EMCS, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris FMC II, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50070, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13311) using the disc diffusion method. It was found that the oil exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all of the tested microorganisms.

Essential Oil Composition of Aerial Parts of Two Anthriscus Pers. Species From Turkey

Abstract In this study, the essential oil of dried flowering aerial parts of Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. and Anthriscus nemorosa (M.Bieb.) Spreng. were analyzed by means of GC / GC-MS. As a result 35 and 34 components were identified representing 88.1% and 90.5% of the oil A. cerefolium and A. nemorosa, respectively. The main constituents of A. cerefolium were caryophyllene (16.9%), δ-cadinene (16.4%), trans-pinocarveol (12.5%), spathulenol (7.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.8%); whereas caryophyllene (15.8%), caryophyllene oxide (14.5%), δ-cadinene (13.4%), germacrene D (8.9%) and trans-pinocarveol (6.2%) were detected the major constituents of A. nemorosa. Studied plant samples were found to be rich in respect to essential oils. The results were discussed in consideration of natural products, renewable resources, chemotaxonomy and potential medical uses of these plants.

Chemical Composition of Two Endemic Centaurea L. Taxa from Turkey, A Chemotaxonomic Approach

Abstract: In this study two endemic Centaurea L. species from Turkey (C. kurdica Reichardt and C. saligna (K.Koch) Wagenitz) which were collected in the similar habitat, have been investigated. The hydro distilled essential oil of aerial parts of C. kurdica and C. saligna were analysed by GC and GC-MS. As a result thirty five and thirty seven components were identified representing 89.0 % and 89.6 % of the oil, respectively. Germacrene D (28.3 %), caryophyllene oxide (10.5 %) and β-caryophyllene (9.5 %) were detected main compounds of C. kurdica, however caryophyllene oxide (25.2 %), β-eudesmol (11.5 %) and germacrene D (10.2 %) were detected major constituents of C. saligna. Studied species manufactured many similar constituents in their essential oils that could be verified by the same ecological conditions of their habitat, but also differences were detected that could approve their taxonomic separation. The results have given some clues on the chemotaxonomy of these taxa.