André Luis do Valle de Zoppa

Obstrução nasal por granuloma fúngico em eqüino: relato de caso

A 9-year-old horse presented serosanguineous nasal discharge, absence of breath out through the right nostril, and respiratory noise. Endoscopic and radiographic exams revealed a six centimeter diameter mass, covered by yellowish mucosa, which was obstructing the entire right nasal cavity and part of the left one. The mass was excised through a right frontal sinusotomy. The microscopic exam and the culture revealed a fungic granulomatous rhinitis. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were postoperatively administered; moreover, camomile tea and distilled water were flushed in a drain placed above the bone flap.

Arthrodesis of the Equine Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Biomechanical Comparison of 3-Hole 4.5 mm Locking Compression Plate and 3-Hole 4.5 mm Narrow Dynamic Compression Plate, with Two Transarticular 5.5 mm Cortex Screws

OBJECTIVES To compare the biomechanical characteristics of 2 arthrodesis techniques for the equine proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) using either a 3-hole 4.5 mm locking compression plate (LCP) or 3-hole 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP), both with 2 transarticular 5.5 mm cortex screws. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. SAMPLE POPULATION Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (*n=6 pairs). METHODS For each forelimb pair, 1 limb was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups and the contralateral limb by default to the other treatment group. Construct stiffness, gap formation across the PIP joint, and rotation about the PIP joint were determined for each construct before cyclic axial loading and after each of four, 5000 cycle loading regimens. After the 20,000 cycle axial loading regimen, each construct was loaded to failure. RESULTS There were no significant differences in construct stiffness, gap formation, or sagittal plane rotation between the LCP and DCP treatment groups at any of the measured time points. CONCLUSION Biomechanically, fixation of the equine PIP joint with a 3-hole 4.5 mm LCP is equivalent to fixation with a 3-hole 4.5 mm narrow DCP under the test conditions used.

Ocorrência de neoplasias em 15 anos de atendimento hospitalar de equídeos

Although several prior studies have provided information regarding incidence of tumors in horses, there is a wide variation due to regional differences, such as climate and breed population. A number of 133 cases involving tumors was found among the 6669 equides submitted to the Veterinary Hospital (HOVET) of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo, during a 15 years period, representing 2% of all records. The most commonly found neoplasm was the squamous cells carcinoma (45%), different from most of the studies worldwide. The most common neoplasia in the integument system was melanoma (34,2%) and in the ocular (76,9%) and urogenital systems (40,9%) was squamous cells carcinoma. Surgical intervention was recommended in 68% of the cases, while a clinical approach was chosen in 10% of them. Twenty two percent of the horses were not treated due to of the owner option or euthanasia indication. Death associated with tumors occurred on 14% of the animals during the hospitalization period or treatment. The squamous cell carcinoma occurs more often in our veterinary hospital and may be related to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, whose amount in the tropics has increased considerably in the last decades.

Toracoscopia em eqüinos: técnica e emprego como método de avaliação da cavidade pleural

Thoracoscopy is the technique based upon the thoracic cavity visualization by means of rigid or flexible endoscope. It is indicated as an additional diagnostic aid to better define thoracic diseases. It can be performed either in an animal subjected to general anesthesia or in a horse standing on stocks with local anesthesia with or without sedative. Six healthy horses were used in this study they were subjected to thoracoscopy in both hemithorax, standing on stocks, with a 15-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to visualize several thoracic structures through the 13th intercostal space aproach, such as: diaphargma (muscular and tendineous portions), esophageus hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, vagus nerve dorsal and ventral trunk, thoracic ductus, azigus vein, intercostal veins and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nervous trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lungs (cranial and caudal lobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenicus nerve and aortic linphonodes. Slight alterations were observed in physical, laboratorial and ultra-sonographic exams during pos operative period those alterations did not compromise either this experiment development or the animals well being. By being an easy and fast procedure wich allows pleural cavity broad visualization and pacient minimal trauma, thoracoscopy makes itself a great diagnostic aid exam.

Effect of postoperative xylazine administration on cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality after isoflurane anesthesia in horses.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate equine cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality after administration of 0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg xylazine intravenously (IV) during recovery. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, prospective, clinical study. ANIMALS Horses (n = 20). METHODS During recovery after 3 hours of isoflurane anesthesia for arthroscopic surgery, horses were administered either 0.25 mg/kg (G25, n = 10) or 0.50 mg/kg (G50, n = 10) xylazine intravenously. Vital signs and arterial blood samples were obtained during recovery before sedation (baseline), 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes after xylazine and 30 minutes after standing. The quality of recovery scores ranged from 10 to 72 (10 = best, 72 = worst). RESULTS G25 horses recovered faster (mean ± SD, 33 ± 5 min) than G50 horses (50 ± 7 min, P < .0001). Mean maximal decrease in arterial oxygen tension was 55 ± 11 mmHg in G25 (at 10 minutes; P < .05) and 54 ± 7 mmHg in G50 (at 20 minutes; P < .01). G25 group had a total recovery score (23 [range 18-29]) and number of attempts to stand (4 ± 2) greater than the G50 group (18 [10-23] and 1 ± 1, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Both doses of xylazine promoted a moderate and transient hypoxemia during recovery; however, the 0.5 mg/kg dose produced a longer and improved quality of recovery from anesthesia.

Toracoscopia aplicada à ressecção de fragmento pulmonar com o auxílio de sutura mecânica em eqüinos

In this study, a dorsocaudal portion resection of the left caudal lung lobe was performed using an endoscopic stapler by thoracoscopic procedure. Ten healthy horses, eight males and two females were evaluated by clinical examination and submitted to the surgical procedure. The animals were sedated and maintained in standing position. The procedure was done in the left hemitorax using three access previously studied: the first portal was done at the 12th intercostal space (IS); the second one at the 14th, 15th, or 16th IS; and the third one at the 14th or 15th IS, in accordance with the necessity of positioning the instruments. The employed surgical technique seemed to be adequate in all animals, since it helped controlling the existing pneumothorax; furthermore, clinical recovery during the postoperative period was satisfactory, except for one animal. These results suggest that thoracoscopic may successfully be employed for partial lung resection in horses, using endoscopic staplers, and its practical use may contribute to the knowledge and resolution of thoracic diseases.

Morphological and mechanical characterization of chitosan-calcium phosphate composites for potential application as bone-graft substitutes

Bone diseases, aging and traumas can cause bone loss and lead to bone defects. Treatment of bone defects is challenging, requiring chirurgical procedures. Bone grafts are widely used for bone replacement, but they are limited and expensive. Due to bone graft limitations, natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic and composite materials have been studied as potential bone-graft substitutes. Desirable characteristics of bone-graft substitutes are high osteoinductive and angiogenic potentials, biological safety, biodegradability, bone-like mechanical properties, and reasonable cost. Herein, we prepared and characterized potential bone-graft substitutes composed of calcium phosphate (CP) - a component of natural bone, and chitosan (CS) - a biocompatible biopolymer. Methods CP-CS composites were synthetized, molded, dried and characterized. The effect of drying temperatures (38 and 60 °C) on the morphology, porosity and chemical composition of the composites was evaluated. As well, the effects of drying temperature and period of drying (3, 24, 48 and 72 hours) on the mechanical properties - compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and relative deformation-of the demolded samples were investigated. Results Scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption-desorption analyses of the CS-CP composites showed interconnected pores, indicating that the drying temperature played an important role on pores size and distribution. In addition, drying temperature have altered the color (brownish at 60 °C due to Maillard reaction) and the chemical composition of the samples, confirmed by FTIR. Conclusion Particularly, prolonged period of drying have improved mechanical properties of the CS-CP composites dried at 38 °C, which can be designed according to the mechanical needs of the replaceable bone.

Avaliação da interação biológica entre compósito de quitosana, colágeno e hidroxiapatita e tecido ósseo ovino

As lesoes em membros de grandes animais sao um desafio para medicos veterinarios, uma vez que somente a osteossintese nao garante resultados satisfatorios. Muitos pesquisadores vem se dedicando ao desenvolvimento e estudo de substitutos osseos produzidos de materiais naturais, como quitosana, colageno e hidroxiapatita, que auxiliam na regeneracao ossea. Seis ovinos femeas da raca Santa Ines foram submetidos a ostectomias unicorticais de sete milimetros de diâmetro na regiao proximal da superficie dorsomedial dos III/IV metacarpianos. Foi implantado composito de quitosana, colageno e hidroxiapatita em um membro toracico para avaliacao da biocompatibilidade do material ao tecido osseo ovino, e no membro contralateral foi reproduzida a mesma tecnica, porem foi mantido sem preenchimento, como controle. Apos 60 dias do procedimento cirurgico, realizou-se biopsia ossea na area de interface entre biomaterial/osso (membro com composito) e tecido neoformado/osso (membro controle), para realizacao de avaliacao histologica do material nao descalcificado, por meio de microscopia de luz e microscopia eletronica de varredura. Na analise histomorfometrica, mediante microscopia de luz, foi possivel identificar maior porcentagem de tecido neoformado em membro controle, quando comparado ao membro com composito (80% e 63,5%, respectivamente; P<0,05). Por meio da microscopia eletronica de varredura, observou-se invasao da estrutura interna do composito por tecido osseo neoformado. Nao houve formacao de tecido cicatricial, reacao de corpo estranho ou resposta inflamatoria cronica nas amostras analisadas. Conclui-se que o composito de quitosana, colageno e hidroxiapatita, quando implantado em tecido osseo ovino, apresenta biocompatibilidade e perfil osteocondutor.

EVALUATION OF BONE BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE EQUINE THIRD METACARPUS

Purpose: To compare biomechanical characteristics at different regions of the equine third metacarpal bone using standardized test specimens. Methods: Standardized test specimens were made from samples collected from each third metacarpal bone. Cortical bone samples were collected from the lateral (ts4L) and medial (ts4M) cortices of the mid-diaphysis and trabecular bone samples were collected from the distal (ts3) and proximal (ts2) epiphyses. A sample corresponding to the mid third of the third metacarpal bone was also collected (ts1). Test specimens were submitted to compressive testing for determination and comparison of biomechanical properties. Results: Stress and modulus of elasticity of ts4L and ts4M did not differ at the time of fracture. However, the modulus of elasticity of ts4L and ts4M differed from ts1. Maximum tension and modulus of elasticity differed between ts2 and ts3. A medium to high positive correlation between test specimen density and bone biomechanical properties was observed. Conclusion: The lateral and medial cortices of the equine third metacarpal bone have similar biomechanical characteristics. The proximal and distal epiphyses of the equine third metacarpal bone have different biomechanical properties that are correlated with bone density in these regions.

Evaluation of Ventral Laparoscopic Abomasopexy Using Surgical Staples Associated with Suture Material in Dairy Cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows. Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity. Discussion: Abomasopexy through laparoscopy is a safe technique, especially when compared with other invasive methods of abomasopexy. However, to perform this type of surgery availability of adequate equipment and a well trained surgical team are required. This study was performed at a surgery room under full anesthesia. In a field situation, the veterinarian can have some difficulties but such adversities must not be considered and impediment for performance of surgery on the field as its performance is possible. Even though surgical clamps were small, they were considered adequate for what was suggested. The applied 0 degree laparoscopic optic presented restrictions for cavity inspection, therefore we believe that an optical lenses with 30 degree angle could facilitate this laparoscopy inspection. To induce greater and more lasting adherence we suggest cauterizing a greater area of the serous membrane of the abomasum. We also suggest not performing this procedure during lactation peak, when fasting and surgery can cause economic losses. Complications associated with this technique could not be avoided. The technique has shown favorable results, but its clinical applicability depends on application on animals subjected to the conditions of a milk production cycle.