Ann M. Oberhauser

Young adults’ use of communication technology within their romantic relationships and associations with attachment style

In an online survey with two cohorts (2009 and 2011) of undergraduates in dating relationshi ps, we examined how attachment was related to communication technology use within romantic relation ships. Participants reported on their attachment style and frequency of in-person communication as well as phone, text messaging, social network site (SNS), and electronic mail usage with partners. Texting and SNS communication were more frequent in 2011 than 2009. Attachment avoidance was related to less frequent phone use and texting, and greater email usage. Electronic communication channels (phone and texting) were related to positive relationship qualities, however, once accounting for attachment, only moderated effects were found. Interactions indicated texting was linked to more positive relationships for highly avoidant (but not less avoidant) participants. Additionally, email use was linked to more conflict for highly avoidant (but not less avoidant) participants. Finally, greater use of a SNS was positively associated with intimacy/support for those higher (but not lower) on attachment anxiety. This study illustrates how attachment can help to explain why the use of specific technology-based communication channels within romantic relationships may mean different things to different people, and that certain channels may be especially relevant in meeting insecurely attached individuals’ needs.

Women's collective economic strategies and political transformation in rural South Africa

This article examines the economic processes and socio‐political institutions that shape womens involvement in community projects. Feminist materialism and postcolonial theory provide the framework to analyze these livelihood strategies as they are grounded in the material conditions of womens lives. The empirical study is based in a rural northern province of South Africa where colonialism and apartheid have contributed to extreme economic and social hardships. Fieldwork was conducted in Limpopo to analyze how community projects contribute to livelihood strategies. In an area where migrant remittances remain one of the main sources of income for rural households, women have increasingly engaged in collective economic strategies such as pottery making, sewing, and agricultural production. These strategies are embedded in a complex set of patriarchal institutions that reinforce unequal access to resources and have historically marginalized rural black women. Despite these barriers, findings from this study demonstrate that community projects provide the potential for economic and social empowerment, especially among rural women.

Examining Gender and Community Through Critical Pedagogy

A growing body of literature in critical geography challenges authoritative approaches to the production (and consumption) of knowledge in higher education. Feminist perspectives have contributed to this literature by emphasising the multiple and often conflicting voices of subjects, including those within the classroom. This paper draws from critical and feminist pedagogy in geography to examine student engagement with gender issues in the community. The case study for this analysis is a project in which students volunteer at community organisations and construct their own knowledges of social and political issues.

Gender and Household Economic Strategies in Rural Appalachia

In recent decades, many Appalachian households have experienced declining incomes due to the loss of traditional male jobs in the mining and manufacturing sectors. One response to this decline has been an increase in female employment in formal sector activities. Another response is homework, or the home-based production of goods and services for sale in the formal and informal sectors. In rural Appalachia, where formal jobs are often unavailable or inadequate to support a household, many women are engaging in homework as an economic strategy. Consequently, economic restructuring cannot be fully understood without analyzing household strategies and gender relations. This paper examines the intersection of gender, households, and economic restructuring as it relates to womens homework and employment shifts in rural Appalachia. Research for this paper entailed qualitative interviews with 50 West Virginia women who are engaged in the home-based production of goods and services. The study analyzes the variet...

Gendered livelihoods in diverse global contexts: an introduction

Gendered livelihoods encompass the material realities and ideological processes that shape and are shaped by economic strategies in diverse geographical locations. The articles in this theme issue examine women’s multiple gender identities and livelihood strategies in rural and urban environments within the context of global restructuring. They reflect an in-depth understanding of gendered livelihood strategies that stem, in part, from rich fieldwork experiences in places as diverse as India, West Africa, the United States and South Africa. As such, these articles constitute an important contribution to both feminist geography and development studies by examining how gendered economic strategies are situated in diverse cultural and geographical contexts. The livelihoods approach to understanding development processes—first introduced in the mid-1980s by Chambers (1983) among others (see Chambers & Conway, 1992; Bernstein et al., 1996)—has become increasingly common in academic research and practice over the past decade (Rakodi & Lloyd Jones, 2002; Schafer, 2002). Although frameworks for livelihoods analysis differ in their detail, the basic elements consider resources (what people have), strategies (what people do), and outcomes (the goals people pursue). According to Ellis (2000), livelihoods may be defined as ‘the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), the activities (strategies of use), and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by the individual or household’ (p. 10). Central to this definition is an understanding of the way in which social institutions and ideologies define access to resources and inform the strategy options available to different members of a community. As its proponents assert, a livelihoods approach offers a people-centered perspective that allows detailed insight into the impacts of changing macro-level

Negotiating Livelihoods and Scale in the Context of Neoliberal Globalization: Perspectives from Accra, Ghana

Abstract This paper investigates livelihood strategies in the context of neoliberal globalization through a case study of a peri-urban area in Ghana. Existing literature on urban livelihoods suggests that adjustment policies and other neoliberal reforms both impact and are affected by socioeconomic and material resources available to households. Our discussion explores the dynamic nature of urban livelihood strategies in the face of increased integration into the global economy. The study provides background information and in-depth analyses of how individuals, households, and communities make a living in the face of structural adjustment and more recent neoliberal reforms. Through a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods, the research examines economic strategies as well as the broad processes affecting these livelihoods in the context of globalization. The findings indicate that livelihood strategies in the capital city of Accra are linked to economic shifts at the national and international levels. Finally, this study addresses policy implications and suggests measures to expand the sustainability of household livelihoods in urban environments.

Relocating Gender and Rural Economic Strategies

In recent decades, increasing entrepreneurial activities among women have contributed to shifting livelihood strategies at the household, community, and regional scales. In this paper I examine home-based work in an economic network to highlight the intersection of gender and economic practices in rural Appalachia. The research demonstrates that these livelihood strategies both construct and are shaped by dynamic material conditions and social processes in place. Economic restructuring in the central Appalachian region has led to the reworking of economic strategies, despite a continued reliance by households on homework and informal activities. The case study for this project is an economic network comprised of sixty home-based workers who produce knitwear for regional and national markets. In-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork are used to examine the complexity of shifting economic livelihoods in the rural Appalachian context. The analysis focuses on the (re)negotiation of gender identities by home-based workers in the context of economic restructuring. The discussion also shows how participation in these activities contributes to economic and social empowerment. Overall, this study offers a critical approach to the economy, work, and gender in a way that analyzes diverse economic practices and the construction of gender identity in a rural, economically marginalized region.

Trading industries, trading regions : international trade, American industry, and regional economic development

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Semiperipheral industrialization in the global economy: Transition in the South African automobile industry

Abstract Industrialization in semiperipheral countries is closely linked to restructuring of the global economy. During the postwar period, sweeping changes in the labor process, production technologies, and the spatial organization of production have significantly affected economic activities in these countries. While general trends in semiperipheral industrialization can be identified, individual countries have advanced along somewhat diverse paths, depending on their socio-economic and political geographies. This paper analyzes semiperipheral industrialization in the global economy through a case study of the South African automobile industry. It is argued that internal and external constraints in South Africa have affected the development of this industry: relatively low wages among the majority black population have restricted mass consumption while global recessions, sanctions, and disinvestment have contributed to a near-crisis situation in the automobile sector. The conclusion states that existing social and economic inequalities under apartheid must be lifted if South Africa is to attain its full industrial potential.

Ethics and transparency in the field: lessons from the Arab Gulf

This viewpoint draws from feminist scholarship to critically examine an academic partnership between two universities based in the USA and in the Arab Gulf. In particular, feminist geography is used to inform cross-cultural projects such as this academic exchange among Arabs and Americans by focusing on ethics and transparency in the field. The complexity of cultural and institutional dynamics in this and related projects impacts our work with participants and in places where we conduct research. This analysis is based on collaboration between a public university in the USA and an all-womens university located in Bahrain, an Arab Gulf monarchy that has experienced violence stemming from socio-economic disparities and political tensions between the ruling Sunnis and the majority Shiite population. The project exemplifies a growing trend among Western universities to participate in academic partnerships that will generate financial resources while educating students in regions with limited access to higher education. The contradictions and dilemmas that arise in this academic engagement highlight the importance of ethics and transparency in cross-cultural university partnerships.