Cécile Détang-Dessendre

Migration and Changing Employment Status: A Hazard Function Analysis

The effects of different employment‐status transitions on migration choices are considered from a search‐theoretic perspective. A discrete‐time hazard function for migration decisions is estimated on data for young males of rural origin in France. Employment‐status transitions are handled as endogenous time‐varying covariates. The model is estimated by distance of move. The results show that the long‐distance migration hazard is significantly related to labor market variables, and, ceteris paribus, is highest among job‐gainers compared to the other transition groups. The probability of contracted (long‐distance) migration is found to be higher than that of speculative migration for unemployed workers, especially those who are low‐educated. Evidence consistent with cumulative inertia is found for long‐distance moves. Short‐distance migration hazards are found to be unrelated to labor market variables (including employment‐status transitions) and to display no systematic pattern of duration dependence.

Residence Spells and Migration: A Comparison for Men and Women

This paper models migration probabilities in a duration context, where migration may occur at the end of an observed residence spell. The analysis is based on a sample of young women in rural locations in France, and relates to their first move after leaving full-time education. We distinguish between residence spells that end in long- as compared to short-distance moves. The results for women are compared with those in an earlier analysis for men. Single women are found to be significantly less likely than non-single (for example, married) women to move, and this effect is stronger than the corresponding effect for men. Women appear to develop weaker job attachments than men over time, but stronger attachments to their home. Finally, women appear to respond less strongly than men to employment status transitions.

Reciprocal link between exit from unemployment and geographical mobility

Is geographical migration a consequence of the end of unemployment or does it help in finding a job? This question is approached within the general framework of human capital theory. Two main categories of determinants may be distinguished. The first is termed the decisionmaking context and groups factors which are intrinsic to the individual (such as gender or age) and factors which are related to spatial issues (such as employment or economic conditions in an area). The second category is formed by the human capital available at the moment of the choice. The aim of this paper is to take past investment into consideration and incorporate the fact that some decisions may be joint ones. A model is introduced in the form of a system of two simultaneous equations with qualitative endogenous variables. The test is based on a 1993 survey of 1176 young rural people of seven areas of France. A main finding is that migrations of young rural people are essentially the result of professional preoccupations. However, migration is not a factor which always helps in finding a job, when people are unemployed. When a young person has a good initial training, he or she has to migrate (and leave a rural area) to get a job. Yet, migration does not seem to be necessary for less trained people.

Life Cycle Variability in the Microeconomic Determinants of Urban-Rural Migration

Abstract The objective of this study is to provide an analytical framework that would make it possible to identify the factors that account for individual mobility as a function of the position in the life cycle and of the geographic – i.e. urban or rural – origin. We start with the hypothesis that migration decisions result from a complex calculus where the individual aims at satisfying certain needs (occupational and residential) in the face of certain constraints (financial, familial or educational) while taking into account the local levels of the supply of labour, housing, environment, availability of services, etc. Those needs and constraints differ at every stage of an individual’s life cycle. The probability of migration between 1982 and 1990 is estimated using a national sub-sample extracted from the French Permanent Demographic Sample (EDP). The results show that, among individuals aged 15 to 24 in 1982, occupational concerns have a significant effect on migration choice, especially among the young who were living in a rural area in 1982. Among 25-44 year-olds, family structure (including the birth of children) and the type of accommodation play a prominent role in accounting for migration, while the occupation seems less important. Among the older age groups (those who were aged 45 to 64 in 1982), retirement combined with changes in family structure (the empty nest stage) affects the probability of migration, particularly for individuals who were residing in an urban area at the beginning of the period.

Urban versus Rural Firms: Is there a Spatial Heterogeneity of Labour Demand?

This paper analyses the spatial heterogeneity of labour demand. Our main assumption is that for each location there is a combination of factors which is the most efficient, given the endowment of the location in terms of technology access and the relative cost of factors. We estimate our model using a panel of more than 1000 industrial firms over a six-year period. The contribution of skilled labour is emphasised in the firms located in urban areas, unskilled labour in rural firms, and capital in periurban units. The functional distribution of jobs also plays a discriminating role: direct production and similar functions seem to be more concentrated in periurban and rural areas, whereas tertiary functions are clearly assigned to urban units. We then make conclusions as to the existence of different technical paths of growth, with high productivity growth and a dramatic decline of demand for unskilled labour in urban areas, and the maintenance of a labour-intensive method of production in rural areas.

Les déterminants micro-économiques des migrations urbain-rural : leur variabilité en fonction de la position dans le cycle de vie

L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une grille d’analyse qui permette de distinguer les facteurs explicatifs des mobilites des individus selon leur position dans le cycle de vie et selon leur origine geographique (urbaine, rurale). Nous partons de l’hypothese que les decisions de migration sont le resultat d’un arbitrage visant a satisfaire, sous contraintes (financieres, familiales, de qualification, etc.), certains besoins (d’ordre professionnel et residentiel) compte tenu des niveaux de l’offre locale de travail, logements, amenites naturelles, services aux particuliers, etc. Ces besoins et contraintes sont differents a chaque phase du cycle de vie de l’individu. L’estimation de la probabilite de migrer entre 1982 et 1990, realisee sur un sous-echantillon national extrait de l’echantillon demographique permanent (EDP), montre que, chez les individus âges de 15 a 24 ans en 1982, les preoccupations professionnelles contribuent significativement a expliquer les choix de migration, et ce, plus particulierement pour les jeunes qui residaient dans le rural en 1982. La structure familiale (agrandissement de la famille) et le statut d’occupation du logement jouent un role preponderant dans l’explication des migrations des 25-44 ans, alors que la situation professionnelle semble, pour eux, moins influente. Chez les plus âges (45-64 ans en 1982), le passage a la retraite, associe aux changements dans les structures familiales (depart des enfants), influe sur les probabilites de migration, notamment pour les individus qui residaient en milieu urbain en debut de periode.

Deux âges d'émigration ouvrière : Migration et sédentarité dans un village industriel

Based on the study of a cohort of individuals born between 1939 and 1946 enumerated in an industrial village in eastern France in the 1954 census, this article presents a model of working-class non-migration. The integration of unskilled workers is shown to proceed by marriage with local-born women, followed by the local social reproduction of worker status by first-born sons. A labour aristocracy thus emerges, through kinship mechanisms that correspond to a given state of the labour market. This result is obtained by combining an ethnographic survey (reconstruction of the trajectories of lines of descent in space and in an employment system) and statistical analysis (MCA and failure-time models). The same operation conducted on a cohort of individuals born in the 1960s indicates that the model no longer functions. As a result of the local unemployment crisis, the local origins that were the key to access to the local labour market in the 1960s become an incentive to migration in the 1980s.

Graduates and migration in France: between urban labour-market attraction and interest in amenities: An International Perspective

As in all developed countries, educated French people are concentrated in dense local labour markets. The chapter analyses migration flows using the declarations in the census on previous residential location (five years before) of people aged over five in 2008. It focuses on two populations: 20–64-year-olds to analyse the core of the French active population and 20–29-years-olds to capture youth specificities, distinguishing people with high and low levels of education. The chapter estimates extended gravity models to explain the origin–destination flows of the active population between 288 local labour markets using a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model. They provide a picture of the main links between middle- and long-distance flows and local characteristics that play a role in the professional and residential dimensions of migration choices. Migration flows of young educated people are essentially linked with the characteristics of local labour markets, rather than climates and amenities. Amenity variables, in particular climate conditions, also affect migration flows, especially flows of older people. The characteristics of the destination area impact flows of educated people more than flows of less-educated people.

Two Ages of Worker Emigration. Migration and Non-Migration in an Industrial Village

Renahy Nicolas, Detang-Dessendre Cecile, Gojard Severine.- Dos etapas de emigra- cion obrera. Migracion y sedentarismo en un municipio industrial A partir del analisis de una cohorte de individuos nacidos entre 1939 y 1946 y censados en 1954 en un municipio del este de Francia, este articulo presenta un modelo de sedentarismo de la mano de obra trabajadora. En base a este modelo, la integracion de los obreros no califi- cados se produce a traves de la alianza con las mujeres autoctonas, y la reproduccion local del status de obrero a traves del hijo mayor. Es asi que aparece una aristocracia obrera, a traves de mecanismos de parentesco que corresponden a una situacion determinada del mercado de trabajo. Estos resultados se obtienen combinando una encuesta etnografica (para reconstituir las trayectorias familiares en el espacio y en lo referente al empleo) y analisis estadistico (ACM y modelos de duracion). Sin embargo, el modelo deja de funcionar si se toma como base una cohorte de individuos nacidos durante los aňos sesenta. El hecho de ser autoctono, clave para la entrada en el mercado de trabajo local durante los aiios sesenta, empuja a la migracion durante los ochenta, debido a la crisis del empleo local