Céphora Maria Sabarense

Questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar e recordatório de 24 horas: aspectos metodológicos para avaliação da ingestão de lipídeos

The correct assessment of lipid intake through dietary questionnaires is interesting in population studies since lipids are involved in the development and prevention of coronary artery diseases. Food intake questionnaires consist of indirect methods of assessing the nutritional status and are subject to errors inherent to the individual and the study methodology. It is essential that such methods, especially the food frequency be validated for the studied population. Among the main mistakes that involve the assessment of lipid intake are intrapersonal variability which can be minimized by increasing the number of analyzed recalls and by statistical techniques. Biomarkers are used increasingly to estimate long term food intake and play an important role in the correct assessment of the real lipid intake. In this context, this study aims to discuss methodological aspects in estimating lipid intake by the population. The aspects associated with assessment errors of food intake and the use of food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall, the importance of studies using biomarkers and the use of dietary questionnaires to estimate lipid intake are discussed.

Flaxseed, olive and fish oil influence plasmatic lipids, lymphocyte migration and morphometry of the intestinal of Wistar rats.

PURPOSE Evaluate the effect of flaxseed, olive and fish oil on the lipid profile, preservation of villosities and lymphocyte migration in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. METHODS Thirty Wistar male rats were divided into four groups, which received the AIN-93M diet, with changes only to their lipid source: flaxseed, olive, fish, and soy oil (control group). The serum was separated for the biochemical parameter analysis. A histological evaluation was performed in the ileal portion. RESULTS The group which was fed fish oil presented lower values when compared to the other treatments for Total Cholesterol, High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol (p<0.05). The animals treated with fish and olive oils presented better intestinal villosities preservation. Less deposition of lymphocytes was observed in the flaxseed group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that flaxseed, olive and fish oils present different responses than soy oil for the intestinal mucosa preservation and lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats.

Fish oil ingestion reduces the number of aberrant crypt foci and adenoma in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats

We determined the effect of fish oil (FO) ingestion on colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Male Wistar rats received 4 subcutaneous injections (40 mg/kg body weight each) of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at 3-day intervals and were fed a diet containing 18% by weight FO (N = 10) or soybean oil (SO, N = 10) for 36 weeks. At sacrifice, the colon was removed, aberrant crypt foci were counted and the fatty acid profile was determined. Intestinal tumors were removed and classified as adenoma or carcinoma. Liver and feces were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile. FO reduced the mean (+/- SEM) number of aberrant crypt foci compared to SO (113.55 +/- 6.97 vs 214.60 +/- 18.61; P < 0.05) and the incidence of adenoma (FO: 20% vs SO: 100%), but carcinoma occurred equally in FO and SO rats (2 animals per group). The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile of the colon was affected by diet (P < 0.05): total omega-3 (FO: 8.18 +/- 0.97 vs SO: 1.71 +/- 0.54%) and total omega-6 (FO: 3.83 +/- 0.59 vs SO: 10.43 +/- 1.28%). The same occurred in the liver (P < 0.05): total omega-3 (FO: 34.41 +/- 2.6 vs SO: 6.46 +/- 0.59%) and total omega-6 (FO: 8.73 +/- 1.37 vs SO: 42.12 +/- 2.33%). The PUFA profile of the feces and liver polyamine levels did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicate that chronic FO ingestion protected against the DMH-induced preneoplastic colon lesions and adenoma development, but not against carcinoma in rats.

Grape extract and α-Tocopherol effect in cardiovascular disease model of Apo E -/- Mice

PURPOSE To verify the effect of consumption of grape extract isolated or combined with α-tocopherol supplementation on atherosclerosis model with Apo E -/- mice. METHODS After six weeks of atherogenic diet, Apo E -/- mice were divided into the following groups: Control, Grape, Tocopherol and Grape plus Tocopherol. The treatment progressed for 11 weeks when animals were submitted to euthanasia. RESULTS All the treatments presented hypocholesterolemic effect with reduction of serum and liver cholesterol levels. This effect was parallel to an increase in the fecal excretion of cholesterol. There was also a higher fecal excretion of saturated fatty acids in groups receiving grape extract or α-tocopherol. All the groups treated presented a tendency to show higher levels of vitamin E. The fatty acid profile showed a tendency for monounsaturated fatty acid preservation after grape extract and α-tocopherol consumption. Morphological analysis revealed a lower degree of evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque of the animals that were fed α-tocopherol combined with grape extract, even when no difference was found in the size of the largest lesion. CONCLUSION A synergistic effect between the polyphenols and α-tocopherol was observed, resulting in diminished evolution of atherosclerosis and a greater beneficial effect on atherosclerosis than the isolated consumption of antioxidants.

Práticas de redução de massa corporal em judocas nos períodos pré-competitivos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, em judocas, os procedimentos adotados para a reducao da massa corporal em periodos proximos as competicoes e discuti-los frente a literatura. Participaram deste estudo 105 do sexo masculino pertencentes as classes junior e senior (idade media de 21,5 ± 8,0 anos). De acordo com os resultados, 73,6% dos atletas desenvolveram estrategias de reducao de massa corporal em periodos pre-competitivos, e os metodos mais utilizados por eles foram: aumento do numero de atividades fisicas alem das habituais (76,1%), restricao calorica (59,8%), reducao de carboidratos (32,6%) e restricao de liquidos (20,7%). Em valores absolutos, os judocas masculinos reduzem significativamente mais (p < 0,05) a massa corporal em relacao as mulheres (4,5 ± 3,5 e 1,7 ± 0,8 kg, respectivamente). As mulheres iniciam com maior antecedencia a competicao (p < 0,05) a reducao da massa corporal (14 ± 6 e 19 ± 7 dias, respectivamente). Pode-se inferir que a maioria dos judocas adota estrategias de reducao aguda de massa corporal em periodos que antecedem as competicoes, o que pode resultar na queda do rendimento

Experimentação animal: ética e legislação brasileira

This article covers animal experimentation under the viewpoint of ethics and politics, and does a historical review of the theme in the Brazilian legislative scenario. Laboratory animals play a decisive role in the development of science and continue to have an essential role in biomedical research. However, their use always provoked manifestations of different natures. Even though the first incursions in experimental research began at least four centuries ago, the establishment of norms that regulate the use of animals in Latin America is incipient. In Brazil, although a specific law regarding this use does not exist, some initiatives have already been taken. The discussions on this theme continue to happen, however the delay to define a law that regulates the use of animals in research has hindered the standardization of procedures that are necessary to the systematization of the knowledge produced in the country.

Analysis of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in food by capillary electromigration methods: a review

A review of the literature covering the evolution of amino acid, protein, lipid and carbohydrate analysis in food samples by electromigration techniques over the last 20 years is presented. The manuscript summarizes different modes, including capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis, non-aqueous (or nonaqueous) capillary electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing and microfluidic chip electrophoresis, employing different detection systems, such as ultraviolet-visible absorption, laser-induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry, amperometric detection, and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Briefly, the present review evidences that CE is a very interesting analytical separation technique for food analysis, offering short analysis times and versatility in a simple sample preparation step as inherent advantages compared to classical chromatographic methodologies, which make it a separation technique that is very attractive for quality control in industry and government agencies.

Efeito da gordura vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada sobre a incorporação de ácidos graxos trans em tecidos de ratos

A composicao lipidica da dieta pode influenciar o perfil de acidos graxos dos tecidos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a incorporacao de acidos graxos trans no figado e coracao de ratos. Dois grupos com doze ratos Wistar recem-desmamados foram alimentados com duas dietas diferentes por oito semanas. Uma das dietas (experimental) foi rica em isomeros trans (33,0% da fracao lipidica) e apresentou quantidades minimas de acidos linoleico e a-linolenico (8,0% e 0,7%, respectivamente, da fracao lipidica da dieta), enquanto a outra (controle) foi nutricionalmente adequada. O perfil de acidos graxos das dietas e dos tecidos foi avaliado por cromatografia gasosa. Houve incorporacao de 14,0% dos acidos graxos trans no figado e 8,6% no coracao dos animais. Nao foi observado efeito inibitorio dos acidos graxos trans no figado sobre a formacao dos acidos araquidonico e docosahexaenoico. No entanto, no coracao houve uma diminuicao significante da concentracao do acido docosahexaenoico, provavelmente como reflexo da deficiencia de acido a-linolenico e da incorporacao dos trans.

A new computational method for hepatic fat microvesicles counting in histological study in rats.

Liver steatosis was once believed to be a benign condition, with rare progression to chronic liver disease. Thus, in both clinical and experimental practice, it is fundamental to have a reliable and objective method for its precise quantification. An image analysis algorithm was developed and validated for automatically and rapidly quantifying hepatic fat microvesicles. The image processing algorithms automatically segmented interstitial steatosis areas and analyzed the threshold region. Automatic quantifications did not significantly differ from manual evaluations of means of the same areas. Comparison of our image analysis quantifications with staging of histologic evaluations of liver steatosis presented significant correlations that are based on the distribution patterns and on the area quantity of steatosis, respectively. The use of algorithms for analysis and image processing is a sensitive, precise, objective and reproducible method of quantifying hepatic fat microvesicles, which complements semi-quantitative histologic evaluation systems.

Feed training of giant trahira fingerlings fed diets containing different levels of vitamin C

The objective of this work was to evaluate suplemenation of vitamin C during feed training of giant trahira fingerlings. An experiment was established in a complete random design with seven treatments (0.0, 17.5, 52.5, 87.5, 122.5, 175.0 and 350.0 mg vitamin C/kg diet) and four repetitions. Giant trahira fingerlings (2.8 ± 0.2 cm) were distributed in 6-L aquaria at the density of 6 fish/L. A basal diet was formulated with 44.0% of crude protein and vitamin C and bovine heart were added in it daily. After 20 days, biometry of fish for evaluation of weight and length gains, rates of survival and cannibalism and uniformity of final length and for macroscopic observations of clinical signs of deficiency or excess of vitamin was carried out. After biometry evaluation, ten fish from each tested diet were collected for analysis of the fatty acid profile which was compared to profile of fish at the same life stage fed forage fish collected from breeding fishponds. Data on growth performance and fatty acid profiles were submitted to analyses of polynomial regression and uniformity of the final length was evaluated by the Bartlett test. There was a significant difference only for uniformity in final length and fatty acid profile of the carcass. Supplementation with 52.5 mg vitamin C/kg diet provided a greater uniformity of the final length of the fish. Fish from breeding fishponds presented lower concentration of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and higher concentration of saturated fatty acids compared to fish trained to accept dry diets.