Chamarrita Farkas

Maternal stress and perceptions of self-efficacy in socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers: an explicative model.

Studies have demonstrated that maternal stress and perceptions of self-efficacy influence a mothers performance, affecting her ability to interact with her child and to understand and answer his needs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate maternal stress and the perception of self-efficacy in the mothers of infants who are cared for in child-care centers and belong to the poorest segment of the Chilean population. To this end, these aspects were studied in 121 low-income, high-social-risk mothers with children between the ages of 4 and 9 months. The final goal was to generate an explicative model of self-efficacy and maternal stress that considered characteristics of the family and the child. The results revealed that family characteristics - especially household size, per capita incomes and mother age - are more relevant for explaining maternal self-efficacy and stress. The findings and implications for practice are discussed.

Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother–infant interactions☆

The effects of an intentional infant sign language program on mother-infant interactions were studied. Design was quasi-experimental, longitudinal, descriptive and comparative. The sample was composed of 14 mother-infant dyads, with the infants being between 5 and 9 months at the beginning of the study. The participants were middle or upper-middle socio-economic status. The interactions were evaluated through observations of free play and analyzed using a Grid to analyze early interactions. The frequency and duration of synchronic interactions were compared across experimental and control groups at 12-14 and 18-20 months of age using non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests. The results suggested significant differences between groups on visual and tactile synchronic interactions, and a tendency for vocal interactions, in the direction of higher frequencies in the experimental group.

Building infant–mother attachment: the relationship between attachment style, socio‐emotional well‐being and maternal representations

The pilot study explored differences in maternal representations between primiparous pregnant woman with different attachment styles and different levels of socio‐emotional well‐being. The sample included 55 pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 38, between 4 and 7 months pregnant. Representations were assessed using the ‘R’ Interview, attachment styles using the CaMir, and socio‐emotional well‐being using the OQ‐45.2. According to the results, prenatal representation of own mother‐as‐mother may be significantly related with pregnant women’s attachment experiences, but this representation may not be significantly related to the woman’s prenatal socio‐emotional well‐being. On the other hand, representation of the child and self‐as‐mother may not be significantly related to attachment experiences, but rather with prenatal socio‐emotional well‐being. This implies that the prenatal socio‐emotional context plays a great role as a protective factor with respect to the representations of the child and self‐as‐mother and, therefore, has strong implications for the future mother–infant attachment and child development, which is very relevant in terms of prevention of attachment difficulties.

Comunicación Gestual en la Infancia Temprana: Una Revisión de su Desarrollo, Relación con el Lenguaje e Implicancias de su Intervención

Resumen es: El objetivo de este articulo es proveer una revision actualizada y comprehensiva sobre el desarrollo y funciones de los gestos en la infancia, que apoye...

Estrategias de Autocuidado en Equipos Profesionales que Trabajan en Maltrato Infantil

Trabajar profesionalmente en maltrato infantil, implica asumir multiples impactos, asociados a la tematica y a laorganizacion de la tarea. Esto ha llevado a crear Estrategias de Autocuidado para enfrentar esta situacion. El objetodel estudio fue identificar las estrategias de los profesionales, a nivel individual y de equipo, y conocer la percep-cion de efectividad de estas. Se utilizo una metodologia cualitativa. La muestra de este estudio estuvo conformadapor equipos interdisciplinarios y profesionales. Se utilizaron entrevistas y el analisis de los datos se realizo segunla

Intervenciones psicológicas perinatales en depresión materna y vínculo madre-bebé: una revisión sistemática

Perinatal depression constitutes a high prevalence disorder, with negative repercussions in the mother and the baby. From these precedents, this article reviews different psychological interventions developed to re- duce depression and/or to promote a mother-infant bond-quality, from pregnancy to childrens second year of life. There are considered 27 studies published between 1996 and 2012, with inclusion of experimental and control groups. Results show that most of the interventions are focused in perinatal depression as a vari- able, differentiating between interventions during pregnancy and at postpartum. A minor number of studies focused on the mother-baby bond quality and to modify both variables in a simultaneous way. Interventions that were reported to be successful considered group and individual interventions focused on promoting maternal sensitivity and corporal techniques.

Modelo explicativo del desarrollo temprano cognitivo, motor y de lenguaje en infantes chilenos de nivel socioeconómico bajo

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue generar un modelo explicativo del desarrollo infantil al año de edad, considerando variables de la familia y del niño. La muestra se compuso de 57 niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Se aplicaron la Escala de Desarrollo Infantil de Bayley (BSID III), el Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI- SF) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Mediante análisis de regresión múltiple se construyeron modelos explicativos, encontrándose un mayor número de factores relacionados con la familia y el contexto que explican el desarrollo en lenguaje, mientras que en desarrollo cognitivo y motor se combinan características del niño y la familia. Se discute la relevancia de estos resultados para el diseño de políticas públicas.

Apego y Ajuste Socio Emocional: Un Estudio en Embarazadas Primigestas

Este articulo se centra en el estudio del apego adulto y su relacion con el ajuste socioemocional durante el primer embarazo. Se utiliza una investigacion descriptiva correlacional de caracter transversal. La muestra se compone de 139 embarazadas primigestas de 19 a 40 anos y nivel socio-economico medio, medio bajo y bajo. El estilo de apego fue evaluado con el Cuestionario de Apego en Adultos, CaMir, y el ajuste socioemocional con el Cuestionario de Salud Mental, OQ-45.2. Se realizan analisis descriptivos de la muestra y correlaciones entre estilos de apego y las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Ajuste Socioemocional con el Coeficiente Producto Momento de Pearson. Los resultados muestran una relacion significativa entre los estilos de apego y los indicadores de ajuste.

Medición de la Sensibilidad del Adulto con Niños de 6 a 36 Meses de Edad:Construcción y Análisis Preliminares de la Escala de Sensibilidad del Adulto, E.S.A.

Resumen es: La sensibilidad del adulto ha sido ampliamente estudiada en la primera infancia, por asociarse a un vinculo de apego seguro con el nino(a). Existen difer...

Mentalization in Chilean Educational Staff With 12-Month-Old Children: Does It Make a Difference in Relation to What Children Receive at Home?

ABSTRACT Parental mentalizing, which is the capacity to understand behavior in terms of mental states and to reflect this back to a child through speech, is a key construct in child development. Adults with high mentalization promote children’s secure attachment, mentalization and self-regulation. This study describes this competency in a sample of teachers from Chilean nurseries in interaction with 12-month-old children during a storytelling scenario and compares it with the children’s mothers. The sample comprised 208 adults (104 teachers and 104 mothers). The adults were asked to tell 2 stories to the children, and these situations were recorded, transcribed, and codified using guidelines that identified 4 references to mental states (desires, cognitions, emotions, and attributes) and 4 references to nonmental states (causal and factual talk, physical states, and connections with the child’s life). Research Findings: The results showed significant differences between the educational staff and the mothers, and the teachers performed better than the mothers in terms of both greater mentalization and a greater number of references to desires, causal talk, emotions, and physical states. Practice or Policy: The results provide evidence regarding the supportive role played by educational staff in children’s development, especially in underprivileged sectors.