Charles Kirschbaum

PERSPECTIVAS SOCIOLÓGICAS DA ESTRATÉGIA EM ORGANIZAÇÕES: UMA INTRODUÇÃO AO FÓRUM

Introduction - Thematic Special Forum: Sociological Perspectives of Strategy in Organizations

Decisões entre pesquisas quali e quanti sob a perspectiva de mecanismos causais

A escolha por metodos quali ou quanti e tradicionalmente mediada pelo debate entre paradigmas de construcao de conhecimento. Geralmente, os livros-texto em metodologia de pesquisa associam os metodos quali ao paradigma construtivista-fenomenologico, enquanto os metodos quanti sao em geral associados a pretensoes positivistas. Esse artigo explora o processo de decisao entre metodologias sob a perspectiva dos mecanismos causais, que vem sendo desenvolvidos sob multiplas orientacoes. Buscamos aprofundar a discussao sobre as implicacoes da escolha de um determinado metodo (quali, quanti ou misto), examinando suas possiveis aplicacoes nas ciencias sociais.

Education and Inequality in Brazil

Brazil is widely known for its high levels of social inequality and poor rates of education. In the late twentieth century, it was still among the nations with the highest income inequality and lowest average educational levels among the poor in the world. This chapter shows that the standard model of supply and demand for skills appears useful when analyzing the evolution of wage differentials by education and income inequality in Brazil over the last 50 years. The results show that the increase in relative supply of education, especially high school graduates, was responsible for the reduction of wage differentials associated with education throughout the period, which has contributed to the decline in inequality.

Trajectory Types Across Network Positions: Jazz Evolution from 1930 to 1969

Extant literature on organizational fields has relied widely on social network analysis to understand how individual actors are related to each other and located at relational positions. In tandem, social network analysis has also been deployed to explore individual trajectories. In this chapter the author articulates both approaches, while exploring how changes in the jazz field impact individuals’ trajectories. The author built ideal-typical trajectories by extracting social network statistics on musicians’ paths and used blockmodeling to map field development vis-a-vis the positioning of trajectory types and the evolution of styles. To that end research was carried out on the jazz field and its musicians for the period 1930–1969, using relational data collected from the credits of 5572 albums of jazz recordings. Within this period, the field migrated from a normative to a competitive structure, a shift that provides insight into how trajectory types’ patterns of interaction change. Results indicate that cooptation of established generations by new ones was crucial and occurred when the field experienced strong centrifugal forces.

Conflito e Improvisação por Design: a metáfora do Repente

A metafora do Jazz foi introduzida nos Estudos Organizacionais com o objetivo de estimular a adocao de praticas que levassem a um maior grau de improvisacao. Essa apropriacao foi feita assumindo-se um alto grau de cooperacao, em oposicao a organizacoes altamente formalizadas onde as rotinas se apresentariam como rigidas e geradoras de inercia. Esse artigo se apropria dessa literatura, buscando em primeiro lugar ampliar a ideia de rotina organizacional, enfatizando a dimensao interpretacionista, salientando o aspecto conflitivo e finalmente revendo o valor heuristico da dicotomia entre “colapso do sensemaking” e sensemaking. Essa reapropriacao nos permite preparar o terreno para a introducao e analise da metafora do Repente e subsequente comparacao com a metafora do Jazz. Buscamos mostrar como as estruturas do Repente permitem a improvisacao e ao mesmo tempo protegem os espacos de cada oponente. Essa configuracao e importante quando toma-se o conflito como vetor preponderante na improvisacao.

Desafios metodológicos no mapeamento de clusters industriais: o caso de São José dos Campos

The Theory of Clusters, which origins are rooted on marshallian theory of industrial districts, have gained a new thrust with Porter´s recent works. In his theory, elements of Economic Geography, Industrial Complexes, and competitive dynamics are meshed together into the porterian cluster characterization. Nevertheless, the cluster construct is still in need of further formalization in order to be fully operational. On the same token, critics to Porter question whether the concept of cluster is applicable to developing countries. The intention of this article is to open some new avenues of investigation that could advance the issues mentioned. Based on Sao Jose dos Campos example, we mapped the region´s aircraft and armament clusters, by using the specialization index (IE). In the sequence, we established the relationship between the cluster existence and the region´s quality of life (represented by the IDH-M index). Finally, we pointed out the possibilities of expansion of the porterian theory of clusters, based on the analysis presented and previous investigation on the region.