D. C. Nelson

Russet Norkotah: A new russet-skinned potato cultivar with wide adaptation

Russet Norkotah is a long, smooth, shallow-eyed, russet-skinned potato cultivar with wide adaptation. It has a smooth golden russet-skin and produces a high percent of medium sized U.S. No. 1 tubers that are good count-carton size.CompendioRusset Norkotah es un cultivar de papa de amplia adaptación, con tubérculos de forma alargada, ojos superficiales y cubierta lisa de color rojizo. Tiene la cáscara de un tinte rojizo dorado y produce un alto porcentaje de tubérculos US No. 1 de tamaño mediano, apropiados para embalaje reducido.

The response of four potato cultivars to chloride salinity, sulfate salinity and calcium in pot experiments

Potato plants (cvs. ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Red Pontiac’, ‘Norchip’ and ‘Norgold Russet’) were grown in an artificial medium for 28 days under greenhouse conditions and were watered with solutions containing various rates of NaCl or Na2SO4 alone and in combination with CaSO4. NaCl and Na2SO4 slowed growth of young plants. On a mole basis Na2SO4 slowed growth more than NaCl. The addition of CaSO4 reduced the deleterious effect of NaCl or Na2SO4 solutions. Growth of ‘Russet Burbank’ plants was the most adversely affected by solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4. Watering with solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4 also reduced the number of ‘Russet Burbank’ plants.

Effect of planting date, spacing, and potassium on hollow heart in Norgold Russet potatoes

A 4 year study was conducted to determine the effect of planting date, spacing and potassium on the incidence of hollow heart in Norgold Russet. Hollow heart occurred in 3 of the 4 years; ranging from 5.7 to 45.9% in 1965, 8.2 to 24.1% in 1966 and 0.3 to 3.9% in 1968. depending on treatment. Based on the 4-year averages close spacing, early planting and potassium reduced hollow heart when weather conditions werefavorable for development. Of these treatments close spacing was the most effective control, and planting date was the least consistent in its effect of the factors sudied. In two of the years there was an association between increased numbers of tubers, increased yields and a lower percentage of hollow heart.ResumenUn estudio de cuatro años fue hecho para determinar el efecto de fecha de siembra, distancia de siembra, y potasio en la incidencia del corazón vacío (hollow heart) en la variedad Norgold Russet. Corazon vacío ocurrió en 3 de los 4 años; con un rango de 5.7 a 45.9% en 1956. 8.2 a 24.1% en 1966, y 0.3 a 3.9% en 1968, según el tratamiento. Basado en promedios de 4 años, distancia de siembra corto, siembra temprana, y potasio bajaron la incidencia del corazón vacío cuando el clima fue favorable para su desarollo. De estos tratamientos distancia de siembra corto fue el control mas efectivo, y fecha de siembra el menos consistente de los fractores estudiados. En dos de los años hubo asociacion entre mayor numero de tuberculos, mayores rendimientos, y bajo porcentaje de corazón vacío.

Response of six wild potato species to chloride and sulfate salinity

Eleven accessions belonging to six species ofSolanum (S. bulbocastanum,S. chacoense, S. gourlayi, S. microdontum, S. papita, and S.sparsipilum) were tested for resistance to salt. Resistance was measured by survival and growth (dry weight of tops) of plants treated with solutions of NaCl and Na2SO4. The six species could be grouped into four classes based on good to poor resistance to salt solutions (1.S. chacoense, 2.S. gourlayi, 3.S. microdontum, S. sparsipilum, S. bulbocastanum and 4.S. papita). There was a close relationship (r=0.94**) between the survival of plants and growth of surviving plants treated with salt solutions. There was no relationship between known heat or drought resistance of various accessions and salt resistance. Results indicate there is a large genetic base available to improve the salt resistance of the cultivated potato.

Comparison of various weed control programs for potatoes

All weed control programs resulted in satisfactory weed control. Costs of controlling weeds ranged from

Yield and relationships among tuber size, sucrose and chip color in six potato cultivars on various harvest dates

10 to

Effect of planting and harvest dates, location in the hill and tuber size on sugar content of Kennebec potatoes

93/ha. Cultivation alone was the cheapest method of controlling weeds. Controlling weeds by using herbicides alone with no cultivation resulted in the highest weed control costs but tended to give the best weed control at harvest. Herbicides saved one to two cultivations. EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) gave slightly better control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] and slightly poorer control of broadleaf weeds than trifluralin (α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Cultivation helped control weeds but had no other apparent beneficial or adverse effect on potatoes. The correlation coefficient between total tuber yield and dry weight of weeds was −0.97 at Grand Forks, North Dakota and −0.85 at Casselton, North Dakota.ResumenTodos los programas de control de malezas dieron resultados satisfactorios. Los costos de estos programas variaron entre 10 y 93 dólares/ha. La labranza sola fue el método más barato de controlar malezas. El control de malezas con herbicidas y sin labranza tuvo como resultado los costos más altos de control de malezas pero tendía a ser, en el momento de la cosecha, el control más efectivo. Los herbicidas economizaron una o dos labranzas. El EPTC (S-etil dipropiltiocarbamato) ejerció un control ligeramente mejor deSetaria viridis (L.) Beauv. y en un control ligeramente inferior de malezas de hoja ancha que la “trifluralina” (α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropil-p-toluidina). La labranza ayudó a controlar las malezas pero no tuvo ningún otro efecto positivo a negativo en la papa. El coeficiente de correlación entre el rendimiento total en tubérculos y el peso seco de malezas fue −0,97 en Grand Forks y −0,85 en Casselton, ambas localidades en Dakota del Norte.

Relationships of hollow heart in Irish potatoes to carbohydrate reabsorption and growth rate of tubers

Cultivars were harvested biweekly for yield, weekly for sucrose determinations, and stored for chipping. At the last harvest Crystal was highest in total and marketable yield. Specific gravity was higher in Lemhi, Russet Burbank, and Norchip than in Kennebec, Crystal and Dakchip. Storage tests showed Norchip had superior chipping color to other cultivars. Dakchip had better color after short rather than after long-term storage, while the opposite was true for Kennebec and Russet Burbank. Lemhi and Crystal were marginal in color throughout storage. Sucrose (mg sucrose/g fresh tuber) expressed as a sucrose rating (SR) ranged from 1.2 to 11.9 among the various cultivars and harvest dates. Correlation between SR’s and tuber size within cultivars ranged from −.91 to −.97. Variability in sucrose content of immature tubers explained 70% of the variability in chip color among cultivars after storage from four to six months. Sucrose levels may be used to predict relative chipping quality of various cultivars after moderate to long-term storage if measured during early tuber development when differences in sucrose concentration are greatest among cultivars.ResumenSeis cultivares fueron cosechados cada dos semanas para rendimiento y semanalmente para determinaciones de sacarosa y almacenados para posterior procesamiento en hojuelas de papa frita. En la última cosecha, Crystal fue superior en rendimiento total y en tubérculos comerciables. La gravedad específica fue más alta en Lemhi, Russet Burbank y Norchip que en Kennebec, Crystal y Dakchip. Pruebas en el almacén indicaron que Norchip tenía un color más apropiado en hojuelas que los otros cultivares. Dakchip tenía mejor color después de un almacenamiento breve que después de uno largo, mientras lo contrario fue el caso para Kennebec y Russet Burbank. Lemhi y Crystal presentaron bajos niveles de color durante todo el almacenamiento. La sacarosa (mg de sacarosa por g de tubérculo fresco) expresada como tasa de sacarose (TS) variaba de 1,2 a 11,9 entre los diferentes cultivares y fechas de cosecha. La correlación entre las TS y el tamaño de los tubérculos para cada cultivar variaba de -0,91 a -0,97. La variabilidad en el contenido de sacarosa en los tubérculos no maduros explicó 70% de la variabilidad en el color de las hojuelas entre los cultivares después de un almacenamiento de cuatro a seis meses. Los niveles de sacarosa pueden servir para pronosticar la calidad relativa de varios cultivares para su procesamiento en hojuelas de papa frita después de un almacenamiento a mediano o largo plazo, si esos niveles son medidos durante el desarrollo temprano del tubérculo, cuando son más grandes las diferencias en concentración entre los cultivares.

Length of dormancy and sprouting characteristics of ten potato cultivars

A study was made with the Kennebec cultivar on the effect of planting and harvest times, location of tubers in the hill and tuber size on fructose, glucose and sucrose in tubers at harvest. The location of tubers in the hill did not affect fructose or glucose and had only a small effect on sucrose found in the tubers. Small tubers were higher in all three sugars than large tubers, and tubers from plants seeded later were higher in glucose and sucrose than tubers from plants seeded early. The early plantings at all harvests outyielded the late plantings. This together with the higher quality (lower sugars) support the recommendation that Kennebec potatoes to be used for processing should be planted early.ResumenSe hizo una evaluación del rol del clima, del tiempo de siembra y de cosecha, de la ubicación de los tubérculos en la planta y del tamaño del tubérculo sobre los azúcares encontrados al momento de la cosecha de tubérculos del cultivar Kennebec. Mientras que hubo una variación amplia en los niveles de fructosa, glucosa y sucrosa encontrados en tiempos de cosecha diferentes y en años diferentes, esas diferencias fueron difíciles de explicar sobre la base de una simple relación de temperatura o de humedad. La ubicación del tubérculo en la planta no fue un factor importante para que afecte la concentración de azúcar en el tubérculo. Tubérculos pequeños y tubérculos de plantas que tuberizaron tarde tuvieron más altos niveles de azúcares que tubérculos grandes y tubérculos de plantas que tuberizaron temprano.

Relationships between weather, plant spacing and the incidence of hollow heart in Norgold Russet potatoes

Tubers of Irish Cobbler that were hollow grew faster than non-hollow tubers on the same plant. However, tubers of varieties without hollow heart grew just as rapidly as tubers of the variety with hollow heart. Therefore tuber growth rate was related to hollow heart occurring within a variety but could not account for differences between varieties. When plant foliage was pruned the C-14 label from sucrose was translocated from the tuber to the top of the plant. Our studies suggest hollow heart can occur in small tubers under the following conditions: (i) moisture stress in the tubers resulting in conversion of starch to sugar, followed by a rapid influx of water into the tuber resulting in rapid enlargement of the perimedullary zone and a separation in the pith that later develops into hollow heart, and/or (ii), following injury to some cells in the tuber due to reabsorption of minerals and carbohydrates or depletion of food reserves followed by tuber enlargement. It seems probable however that hollow heart that is initiated in large tubers is only associated with excessively rapid tuber enlargement without the involvement of reabsorption or depletion of food reserves.