E.C. Moreira

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento e de atitudes preventivas da população sobre a leishmaniose visceral em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Objetivou-se avaliar o nivel de conhecimento e algumas atitudes preventivas em relacao a leishmaniose visceral em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2006. Foi feito um estudo de caso-controle, com visitas domiciliares e questionario semi-estrurado. Comparou-se dois grupos: (1) 82 casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral ocorridos em 2004 e (2) 164 controles, constituidos por vizinhos dos casos. A leishmaniose visceral acometeu mais em criancas, com aumento do risco de contrair leishmaniose visceral de 109,77 vezes para menores de dez anos. O homem demonstrou ter 2,57 vezes mais chances de adoecer que a mulher. A escolaridade da populacao mostrou-se baixa (68,3% nao completaram o ensino medio). Cinquenta por cento dos casos desconheciam-na quando foram infectados e apenas 1,2% conhecia o vetor. Conhecer algo sobre a leishmaniose visceral minimizou o risco de adoecer em 2,24 vezes. Quanto as atitudes de protecao, o risco de se contrair leishmaniose visceral diminui em 1,94 vez para pessoas que mantem limpos os domicilios ou que levam o cao ao veterinario. Em Belo Horizonte, o conhecimento da populacao perante a leishmaniose visceral e superficial e as atitudes preventivas inespecificas.

Soroprevalência de aglutininas anti-Leptospira spp. em ovinos nas Mesorregiões Sudeste e Sudoeste do Estado Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The presence of anti-Leptospira agglutinins in 1.360 samples of ovine sera was determined. Clinically healthy sheep with more than one year of age, raised in pasture in 136 farms of 18 counties, 10 located in the southeast Mesorregions and 8 in the southwest Mesorregions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between the months of January and March of 1999. Were used sera tested by the Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT), from the 1.360 samples of serum tested, 466 (34.26%) were positive and the titers of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins varied from 100 to 3.200. The serovars founded were: hardjo (Norma), 210 (28.4%), sentot, 152 (16.8%); hardjoprajitno, 133 (14.5%); fortbragg, 73 (6.3%); wolffi, 39 (4.7%); pyrogenes, 25 (1.8%); australis, 21 (1.6%); pomona, 20 (1.6%); sejroe, 19 (2.2%); castellonis, 18 (1.8%); hebdomadis, 17 (1.3%); icterohaemorrhagiae, 16 (0.5%); grippotyphosa, 9 (0.7%); canicola , 8 (0.6%); tarassovi, 7 (0.6%), bratislava, 4 (0.29%), autumnalis, 3 (0.2%). The results demonstrate that Leptospira spp are disseminated in the majority of the farms that raise sheep in the southeast and southwest Mesorregions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Freqüência de aglutininas anti-Leptospira interrogans em soros sangüíneos de bovinos, em Minas Gerais, de 1980 a 2002

Foram analisados os resultados de exames de microaglutinacao rapida, para pesquisa de aglutininas anti-Leptospira interrogans, em 39.012 soros sanguineos de bovinos provenientes de 398 (47%) municipios de Minas Gerais de 1980 a 2002. As sorovariedades mais frequentes foram: hardjo (amostra Norma), 23,7%, hardjo (OMS), 19,7%, hardjo (hardjobovis), 13,8%, e wolffi, 13,2%. Os resultados mostraram relevância da hardjo como problema prioritario nas leptospiroses em bovinos em Minas Gerais. A baixa porcentagem de soros reagentes a pomona (2,8%) e a mini (amostra Neguita) (3,0%) indica que essas sorovariedades devem ser consideradas para esclarecer casos clinicos em bovinos quando a hardjo (OMS), hardjo (Norma) e hardjo (hardjobovis) nao forem detectadas nos testes sorologicos. As porcentagens de reagentes para as sorovariedades canicola e icterohaemorrhagiae foram inferiores a 1%. A infeccao por Leptospira interrogans e endemica em bovinos em Minas Gerais.

Morcegos capturados no município de Belo Horizonte, 1999-2003

A total of 316 bats were trapped using mist nets during 18 nights at nine strategic locations in Belo Horizonte between 1999 and 2001. The most predominant species were Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), 55.1%, Platyrrhinus lineatus (Geoffroy, 1810), 24.4%, and Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766), 10.1%. Other trapped species were: Sturnira lilium (Geoffroy, 1810), Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843), Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) and Anoura caudifer (Geoffroy, 1818), resulting in a total of eight species belonging the families Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae. All species bred predominantly during the wet season, probably because of the need for food availability to support energetic demands during pregnancy and lactation. However, all species bred at other times of the year as well. An updated list of bat species found in Belo Horizonte was prepared which included those observed in the first part of this study, those cited in scientific papers and academic collections and those recorded in additional observations during 2002 and 2003.

Prevalência de aglutininas anti-Leptospira interrogans em cães de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 2001 a 2002

Prevalence of anti-Leptospira interrogans agglutinins in dogs captured by the Zoonosis Control Center, in nine administrative districts of Belo Horizonte city, throughout the year, was evaluated. The areas with positive prevalence were correlated to the areas of environmental sanitation, using sources of georeference. Blood samples from 3,417 dogs captured, were submitted to microscopic agglutination test from September 2001 to September 2002, showed 13.1% of seropositivity. The most reactive serovars were Canicola, Ballum, Pyrogenes and Icterohaemorrhagiae. High prevalences were observed at Center-Southern - 22.5%, Eastern - 19.1% and Northeastern - 13.2% districts. Pampulha district got 8.2% of prevalence, the lowest percentage of positive reactions. High number of dog infection was observed during December, 2001 and January, 2002, characterized as rainy period and high environmental temperature. Villages, slums and suburbs with environmental sanitation deficiency are areas of high risk.

Presença de anticorpos da classe IgM de Leptospira interrogans em animais silvestres do Estado do Tocantins, 2002

Four hundred and twenty-seven serum samples of wild animals were tested against 18 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Of 286 samples of Cebus apella, 46 (16.1%) were positive for the serovars pomona, brasiliensis, mini, swajizak, grippotyphosa, sarmin, fluminense, autumnalis, hebdomadis, guaratuba, javanica and icterohaemorrhagiae. Of 82 samples of Alouatta caraya, 2 (2.4%) were positive for the serovars mangus and fluminense. Of 31 samples of Nasua nasua, 4 (12.9%) were positive for the serovars fluminense and javanica, and of 10 samples of Cerdocyon thous, 2 (20 %) were positive for the serovars fluminense and brasiliensis. Seven samples of Dasyprocta sp, 6 of Tamandua tetradactyla and 5 of Euphractus sexcintus did not present reactivity.

Raiva humana transmitida por cães: áreas de risco em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 1991-1999

A retrospective study based on observation with the objective of identifying and characterizing the different risk areas for rabies transmission by dogs took place in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from 1991 to 1999. Indicators confirmed occurrences of canine and feline rabies, notification of human rabies, and administration of appropriate vaccination. The Minas Gerais State Health System is divided into 25 Regional Health Centers, which are linked to the State Health Department (SES-MG). These Health Centers were utilized in the study. The results of 2,845 records of laboratory diagnosis for canine, feline, and human rabies were analyzed. Consolidated SES-MG reports from 1997 to 1999 for rabies vaccination and notification records for cases of human rabies from the National Health Foundation (FUNASA) were also used. In order to verify the local reality, a semi-structured interview with each regional program director was conducted. Minas Gerais presents four different risk modalities, classified as zero, low, medium, and high.

Distribuição temporal e espacial da raiva bovina em Minas Gerais, 1976 a 1997

A retrospective observational study was performed for evaluating space and time distribution of bovine rabies in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from 1976 to 1997. A total of 7,526 records of bovine rabies diagnoses using direct immunofluorescence was analysed. The MAP-INFO professional 4.5 was used for examining space distribution of bovine rabies. An annual growth tendency of positive diagnoses of rabies (Y=23,586X) mainly from April to August and in the number of positive counties (Y=0,0461X) was observed, characterizing an intense expansion of bovine rabies in Minas Gerais.

Distribuição temporal e espacial da leishmaniose visceral em humanos e cães em Belo Horizonte-MG, 1993 a 2007

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever as analises da serie cronologica e determinar a tendencia da leishmaniose visceral em humanos e caes para o municipio de Belo Horizonte, de 1993 a 2007. De 1994, quando surgiram os primeiros casos da doenca, ate 2007, foram registrados 994 casos humanos autoctones com 116 obitos. De 1993 a 2007, foram analisadas 1.492.401 amostras de sangue canino com percentual de positividade de 5,9%, utilizando-se os testes de enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) como triagem e de imunofluorescencia indireta (IFI) como confirmatorio. As analises indicaram que a leishmaniose visceral apresentou tendencia crescente dos coeficientes de incidencia em humanos e de prevalencia em caes, e observaram-se arquetipos distintos dessa tendencia, retratando o momento historico de transicao endemica. A leishmaniose visceral em caes nao apresentou caracteristicas de distribuicao sazonal, e nao foi possivel concluir a existencia ou nao de ciclicidade do fenomeno. A leishmaniose visceral em humanos e caes tem ampla distribuicao espacial nas nove regionais administrativas com risco diferenciado de acometimento da doenca, apesar da presenca das fontes de infeccao e dos susceptiveis em todo o municipio.

Presença de animais associada ao risco de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral em humanos em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

This study evaluated the animal presence in dwellings and the risk for transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2006. A case-control study was conducted by means of dwelling visits, direct interviews, and image register in the houses. The risk estimates were produced comparing the dwelling condition between two groups: 1) 82 human cases of VL recorded in 2004; and 2) 164 controls (neighbors of the first). The cases presented a higher proportion in the animal presence compared to controls. Using an unconditional logistic regression, it was selected the presence of ducks with an OR of 4.18 (CI 95% - 0.74 to 23.32); rodents with an OR of 1.81 (CI 95% - 0.96 to 3.39); birds with an OR of 1.56 (CI 95% - 0.90 to 2.69), and chicken with an OR of 1.47 (CI 95% - 0.74 to 2.90). The owners of dogs were 2.17 more likely to have VL than those who did not have dogs, and this estimate increased with the number of dogs in the house. For those who had only one dog, the OR was 1.87, while for those who owned two dogs at home, the OR increased to 3.36; when compared to people who did not own those animals.