Eduardo da Costa Eifert

Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras

ABSTRACT - The objective of this experiment was to verify the effects of soybean oil and/or ethanolic extract of propolis, in thediets of dairy goats, on intake, on digestibility of nutrients, on milk production and composition and some ruminal parameters. SixteenAlpine female goats were used, in which four animals fistulated in the rumen. The animals were allocated in four 4x4 Latin squa res, ina 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. It was added to the concentrate 0 or 120 g of soybean oil and 0 or 10 mL of ethanoli c extractof propolis/animal/day (30% weight/volume of grinded crude propolis in alcoholic solution at 70% in water). The diets had the s ame proteincontent, with 11.5% CP and contained 67% corn silage and 33% concentrate based on corn and soybean meal. The soybean oil decrea sedthe intakes of dry matter (%BW and g/kg BW 0.75 ), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates; decreased the digestibilityof NDF, increased the digestibilities of CP and EE and increased the total digestible nutrients content (TDN); decreased the pr oductionand increased the percentual contents of fat, protein and total solids in the milk; increased the pH and decreased the acetate: propionateratio in the ruminal fluid. There was interaction between soybean oil and ethanolic extract of propolis, in which soybean oil d ecreasedthe intakes of DM, OM and NDF, in kg/animal/day, only in the presence of propolis and increased the intake of crude protein in the absenceof propolis. The soybean oil was more effective in changing the evaluated variables than the ethanolic extract of propolis.Key Words: digestibility, goat, milk, rumen, soybean oil

Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras: consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes e parâmetros de fermentação ruminal

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the increasing levels of soybean oil (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5% of diet dry matter), ethanolic extract of propolis (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 mL/animal/day) and ground crude propolis (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g/animal/day) on intake and ruminal metabolism (pH, ammonia N, VFA, and specific activity of ammonia production) in dairy goats. Six ruminally fistulated female Alpine goats were used in a completely randomized design with six experimental periods and two animals per treatment. Diets contained 67% of corn silage and 33% of concentrate composed by ground corn and soybean meal. There was no effect of the increasing levels of soybean oil, ethanolic extract of propolis and ground crude propolis on the measured variables. More research with propolis is needed because of its anti-microbial effects in vitro and its effects on reducing the acetate:propionate ratio and the butyrate concentration in the rumen.

Efeito da monensina e do óleo de soja sobre os protozoários ciliados do rúmen e correlação dos protozoários com parâmetros da fermentação ruminal e digestivos

Four lactating dairy cows with ruminal cannula and 155 DIM were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square and fed twice daily corn silage and concentrate (55:45, %DM) to evaluate the effect of monensin and soybean oil in the diet of lactating cows on the counting of ciliate protozoa beyond establishing correlations between number of protozoa with some parameters of digestion and ruminal fermentation. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of 33 ppm of sodium monensin or soybean oil at 4% DM, as following: control diet, without oil or monensin - CT; diet with monensin - MN; diet with soybean oil - OL; diet with the combination of 33 ppm of monensin and 4% of soybean oil - OM. Occurrence of 11 ciliate genera was observed, being Entodinium the predominant in all treatments. No significant soybean oil × monensin interaction was observed on protozoa number and genera. The genera Entodinium, Dasytricha, Eremoplastron and Isotricha reduced in the diets with oil, while monensin reduced the counting of Dasytricha, Eremoplastron and Epidinium. The total number of ciliate protozoa and cellulolytics protozoa was reduced by soybean oil and monensin effects, showing a defaunatory additive effect when combined the oil and the monensin. The ciliate cellulolytics was reduced by linoleic acid intake and was related positively with NDF ruminal digestibility and ruminal ammonia. The total number of protozoa was correlated with the molar proportion of propionate in the ruminal liquid, suggesting that monensin and soybean oil, due their defaunatory effect, can reduce the loss of methane in the rumen.

Influência da monensina sódica no consumo e na digestibilidade de dietas com diferentes teores de proteína para ovinos

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of monensin in the apparent digestibility of nutrients in diets with different levels of CP. Twenty-five castrated rams were housed in metabolism cages for 20 days and fed diets with 11.4 or 16.5% of CP (% DM) supplemented or not with 28 mg of monensin/kg of DM. Diets contained 65% of signalgrass hay (Brachiaria decumbens) and 35% of concentrate; a diet containing only signal grass hay was also fed. The concentrate of diets with 11.4% CP was composed by corn and urea while that of diets with 16.5% CP was based on corn and soybean meal. A completely randomized block design was used and treatment differences were separated by complete orthogonal contrasts. Although monensin significantly reduced the intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, TC, NDF and TDN, no differences were observed for apparent digestibility of nutrients. Monensin also reduced fecal excretion of N but the greatest N retention was observed in animals fed diets with no supplementation. Diets with the highest CP levels also had the highest CP intake while those with the lowest CP levels showed greatest intakes of EE and TC. Dietary CP level had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility with the exception of CP and EE, which were higher on animals fed diets with high and low CP contents, respectively. The diet containing only signalgrass hay resulted in the lowest intake and digestibility of nutrients and also led to a negative N balance.

Efeitos do fornecimento de monensina e óleo de soja na dieta sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras na fase inicial da lactação

Sixteen 7/8 Holstein-Zebu multiparous cows averaging 30 DIM were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of supplementing monensin and/or soybean oil on production of early lactating dairy cows. The experimental period lasted 84 days and was divided in three phases as follows: I - 5th to 8th, II - 9th to 12th, and III - 13th to 16th week of lactation. The following treatments were used: control diet without monensin and soybean oil (CT); diet with 33 ppm of monensin with no soybean oil (MN); diet with 3.9% of the dry matter (DM) as soybean oil with no monensin (OL); or diet with a combination of soybean oil and monensin (OM). Cows were fed twice a day a diet containing 52% of corn silage and 48% of concentrate on DM basis. Although energy intake did not differ across treatments, DMI was reduced on cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil. Despite similar milk yield among treatments, cows fed diets not supplemented with soybean oil increased both DMI and milk production as lactation advanced while no changes were observed for those fed diets containing soybean oil. Feeding soybean oil to early lactating dairy cows reduced corrected milk yield whereas content of milk fat decreased when either monensin or soybean oil was added to the diet; milk fat content was reduced in phases II and III of lactation on diets with supplemental fat while the opposite was observed on diets with no fat inclusion. Feeding monensin increased milk protein content but milk protein content and yield were both reduced by feeding soybean oil to dairy cows. Diets supplemented with soybean oil had greater feed efficiency but their lower energetic efficiency suggested that energy was switched from milk yield to weight gain in the current trial.

Perfil de ácidos graxos e conteúdo de ácido linoléico conjugado no leite de vacas alimentadas com a combinação de óleo de soja e fontes de carboidratos na dieta

ABSTRACT - Milk fat from 12 7/8 crossbred Holstein-Zebu lactating dairy cows was used to evaluate the effect of differentdiets on milk fatty acid (FA) profile and milk CLA content. Cows were fed concentrate containing corn (CR), wheat bran (WB),or dried citrus pulp (CP) supplemented or not with soybean oil. Chromatographic analysis showed a FA recovery greater than95%. With the exception of milk content of trans- 10 C 18:1 and proportions of trans- 10 C 18:1 and trans- 11 C 18:1 on totalmilk trans - C 18:1 , the interaction soybean oil x carbohydrate source was not significant for the remaining measured variables.Overall, carbohydrate source did not affect the milk FA profile or CLA content in this trial. Supplementation with soybeanoil increased unsaturated FA by 35% and decreased saturated FA by 14%, mainly short chain FA (9.66 vs. 7.59 g/100 g) andmedium chain FA (51.80 vs. 40.86 g/100 g). Soybean oil increased long chain FA (32.17 vs. 46.47 g/100 g), mainly C 18:0 (9.44 vs. 13.63 g/100 g), C

Mudanças químicas e viscoamilográficas em farinhas de diferentes genótipos de arroz submetidas à extrusão

A grande quantidade de graos quebrados resultante do beneficiamento do arroz e seu baixo valor comercial tem levado as industrias a buscarem alternativas para agregar valor a esse subproduto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as mudancas quimicas e as propriedades viscoamilograficas em farinhas de arroz, obtidas a partir de graos quebrados dos genotipos Irga 417, BRS Primavera e CNA 8502, submetidas ao processo de extrusao. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, tipo fatorial 3x2, com quatro repeticoes originais e analise de variância para avaliar os dados obtidos. As farinhas dos diferentes materiais geneticos diferiram quanto ao valor nutricional e tecnologico. A farinha nativa da linhagem CNA 8502 apresentou maior teor de lipidios (0,45g 100g-1) e proteinas (10,23g 100g-1). De forma geral, as farinhas da Irga 417 apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas (0,39g 100g-1) e amilose (26,44g 100g-1). A extrusao diminuiu os teores de umidade e lipidios, elevou o teor de amilose, nao afetou os teores de cinzas e proteinas e reduziu os valores de pico de viscosidade, viscosidade final, quebra de viscosidade e tendencia a retrogradacao, porem a magnitude da resposta dependeu das caracteristicas inerentes a cada genotipo. As farinhas extrusadas apresentam potencial para aplicacao em produtos instantâneos ou como ingrediente para produtos alimenticios nos quais sao exigidas menores viscosidades, quando servidos a quente ou a frio, que suportem a agitacao e retrogradem menos quando sejam resfriados.

Avaliação de ionóforos pela técnica da perda do potássio celular e produção de gases in vitro

Two studies were carried out with lactating cows as experimental units and ruminal fluid donors. The ruminal bacteria population was used to evaluate the action of increasing levels of lasalocid and monensin on resistance of intracellular potassium depletion and in vitro gas production intracellular depletion potassium (Kmax) of lasalocid was lower to ruminal bacteria population obtained from rumen of cows fed diets with monensin, soybean oil and monensin plus soybean oil (19.4 to 25.4%) when compared to cows fed with control diet (30.1%). The same occurred for intracellular depletion potassium (Kmax) of monensin, in which the lowest value was 6.5% to monensin plus soybean oil and the greatest was 29.5% to control. High monensin concentration (Kd= 2.3µM) and low lasalocid concentration (Kd= 0.2µM) were necessary to cause half of maximum potassium depletion in ruminal bacteria population from cows fed diet with monensin. The ruminal bacteria population from cows feed diet with monensin were sensible to lasalocid. In vitro gas production showed the lowest volume when diets were incubated with propolis (12,9ml/100g of DM).

Parâmetros Ruminal, Sangüíneo e Urinário e Digestibilidade de Nutrientes em Novilhas Leiteiras Recebendo Diferentes Níveis de Monensina

The objective of this trial was to study the effects of different dietary levels of the ionophore monensin on apparent digestibility of nutrients and on ruminal, blood, and urinary metabolites in dairy heifers. Samples of ruminal fluid (pre-feeding and 2 hours post-feeding), blood, urine, and feces all were collected from 28 confined Holstein heifers. Diets contained (dry matter basis): 32.84% of concentrate (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, and mineral salt mixture), 33.58% of corn silage, and 33.58% of sugarcane. The following amounts of monensin were included in the diets: 0, 14, 28 or 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Both regression analysis and orthogonal contrasts were part of the statistical model. No significant differences before feeding were observed for ruminal pH and for the ruminal concentrations of ammonia, acetate, propionate, and butyrate by adding monensin to the diets. However, a significant reduction in the acetate:propionate ratio was detected. Conversely, ruminal pH decreased and ruminal propionate increased when samples were taken at two hours after feeding. As before, the acetate:propionate ratio was reduced when monesin was increased from 0 to 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. In addition, orthogonal contrasts showed a decrease in the concentration of ruminal ammonia before feeding. Including monesin in diet of dairy heifers did not alter the concentrations of glucose and blood urea. Similarly, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), and neutral detergent fiber were all unchanged by dietary supplementation with monensin. Significant quadratic effects were observed for apparent digestibilities of DM, EE, and TC and also for the excretion of urinary nitrogen.

Efeito do pH in vitro sobre a resistência de bactérias do rúmen à perda de potássio intracelular e efeito do pH e de ionóforos sobre a produção de amônia e proteína microbiana

Ruminal fluid from steers fed on pasture was incubated with artificial media at pH 5.5 and 7.0 in two experiments. In the first, the effect of monensin level on resistance of ruminal bacteria to potassium depletion was evaluated; in the second, effects of the ionophores monensin and lasalocid on ammonia and protein production were quantified. In experiment 1, culture media affected potassium level. The monensin concentration needed to cause half maximal potassium depletion was 2.77µM at pH 5.5 but was 0.056µM at pH 7.0, showing that bacteria incubated at pH 5.5 were more tolerant to monensin than those incubated at pH 7.0. Both ionophores as well as increased acidity caused decreased ammonia production. Both ionophores inhibited ammonia production by 56%, independently of pH. In cultures incubated at pH 5.5 compared to pH 7.0, ammonia production was decreased by 50.5%, independently of the ionophores. Therefore, effects of ionophores and acidity were additive, and the maximum inhibition occurred in the presence of an ionophore at low pH (75.2%). Microbial protein production was lowest when lasalocid was present in a low pH culture medium, causing inhibition of microbial growth.