Pedro Braga Arcuri

Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com óleo de soja e monensina no início da lactação

ABSTRACT - The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of dietary monensin and soybean oil on milk fatty acid(FA) profile in the 5 th and 15 th week of lactation of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous crossbred dairy cows averaging 30 days inmilk were assigned to a completely randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (presence or absence of monensinand soybean oil). The following diets were used: control not supplemented with monensin or soybean oil (CT), 33 ppm of monensin(MN), 3.9% of soybean oil (OL) or a combination of soybean oil plus monensin (OM). Cows were confined and fed diets with52% of corn silage and 48% of concentrate. No significant interaction between soybean oil and monensin was observed for anymeasured FA. Monensin increased unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA by 9.0, 8.8 and 10.7%, respectively,while supplementation with soybean oil resulted in greater responses: 39.2, 39.3, and 24.2% for the same FA. Soybean oil alsoreduced short chain FA (43.7%) and medium chain FA (49.1%) and increased long chain FA (55.3%) in this study. The isomers

Protozoários ciliados do rúmen de bovinos e bubalinos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com monensina ou própolis

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of diets supplemented with monensin or with extracts of propolis, on the population of ciliate protozoa in the rumen of cattle ( Bos taurus ) and water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ). Four Holstein cattle and four Murrah buffalo, fi stulated in the rumen, were distributed in 4x4 Latin square design. The diet was constituted by 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate based on corn grain and soybean meal, and the supplementation of monensin sodium or propolis extracts LLOSA2 or LLOSC1. Samples of ruminal contents were collected two hours after feeding. The genus Entodinium was the most common in all treatments for both cattle and buffalo. The LLOSC1 treatment reduced the populations of the genus Entodinium in buffalo. Monensin sodium and LLOSA2 reduced protozoa of the genera of the Diplodiniinae subfamily in buffalo. The average concentration of ciliates was higher in buffalo (56x10 4 mL -1 ) than in cattle (26x10 4 mL -1 ). There was ruminal pH increase in cattle treated with monensin. The LLOSC1 propolis extract reduced rumen ciliates in buffalo.

Dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes and presence of putative pathogens during ambient temperature anaerobic digestion

This study was focused on evaluating the persistency of antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes and putative pathogenic bacteria in an anaerobic digesters operating at mesophilic ambient temperature, in two different year seasons: summer and winter.

Consumo, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com óleo de soja e diferentes fontes de carboidratos na dieta

Twelve Holstein-Zebu lactating dairy cows were used to study the effects of different carbohydrate sources and soybean oil on dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition. The following carbohydrate sources were used: corn (CO), wheat bran (WB) or citric pulp (CP) with 0 or 2.25% of soybean oil. No significant interactions between soybean oil and carbohydrate sources were observed in this trial. Both dry matter intake (18.4 kg/day) and milk yield (23.5 kg/day) did not differ among carbohydrate sources but cows fed WB had higher NDF intake and lower apparent total tract digestibilities of OM, total carbohydrates, and milk lactose content. Neither carbohydrate sources nor soybean oil changed significantly the ruminal microbial protein synthesis that averaged 239.4 g N/day. Cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil showed lower dry matter intake (19.0 vs. 17.8 kg/day) and contents of milk lactose (4.49 vs. 4.33%) and milk fat (3.34 vs. 3.13%) compared to those with no soybean oil in the diet. Oil diets showed no differences on milk production, milk protein content, digestibility of nutrients, and microbial protein synthesis. In addition, supplementation with soybean oil improved feed efficiency (1.35 vs. 1.23) and the milk protein:milk fat ratio (0.94 vs. 1.00). It can be concluded that for cows yielding up to 24 kg of milk per day WB and CP can economically replace CO in the concentrate. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet changed milk composition and decreased dry matter intake but maintain milk yield, which improved feed efficiency.

Efeito da monensina e do óleo de soja sobre os protozoários ciliados do rúmen e correlação dos protozoários com parâmetros da fermentação ruminal e digestivos

Four lactating dairy cows with ruminal cannula and 155 DIM were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square and fed twice daily corn silage and concentrate (55:45, %DM) to evaluate the effect of monensin and soybean oil in the diet of lactating cows on the counting of ciliate protozoa beyond establishing correlations between number of protozoa with some parameters of digestion and ruminal fermentation. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of 33 ppm of sodium monensin or soybean oil at 4% DM, as following: control diet, without oil or monensin - CT; diet with monensin - MN; diet with soybean oil - OL; diet with the combination of 33 ppm of monensin and 4% of soybean oil - OM. Occurrence of 11 ciliate genera was observed, being Entodinium the predominant in all treatments. No significant soybean oil × monensin interaction was observed on protozoa number and genera. The genera Entodinium, Dasytricha, Eremoplastron and Isotricha reduced in the diets with oil, while monensin reduced the counting of Dasytricha, Eremoplastron and Epidinium. The total number of ciliate protozoa and cellulolytics protozoa was reduced by soybean oil and monensin effects, showing a defaunatory additive effect when combined the oil and the monensin. The ciliate cellulolytics was reduced by linoleic acid intake and was related positively with NDF ruminal digestibility and ruminal ammonia. The total number of protozoa was correlated with the molar proportion of propionate in the ruminal liquid, suggesting that monensin and soybean oil, due their defaunatory effect, can reduce the loss of methane in the rumen.

Effect of Lipid Sources with Different Fatty Acid Profiles on Intake, Nutrient Digestion and Ruminal Fermentation of Feedlot Nellore Steers

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight±27 kg) were distributed in a duplicated 5×5 Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

Efeitos do fornecimento de monensina e óleo de soja na dieta sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras na fase inicial da lactação

Sixteen 7/8 Holstein-Zebu multiparous cows averaging 30 DIM were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of supplementing monensin and/or soybean oil on production of early lactating dairy cows. The experimental period lasted 84 days and was divided in three phases as follows: I - 5th to 8th, II - 9th to 12th, and III - 13th to 16th week of lactation. The following treatments were used: control diet without monensin and soybean oil (CT); diet with 33 ppm of monensin with no soybean oil (MN); diet with 3.9% of the dry matter (DM) as soybean oil with no monensin (OL); or diet with a combination of soybean oil and monensin (OM). Cows were fed twice a day a diet containing 52% of corn silage and 48% of concentrate on DM basis. Although energy intake did not differ across treatments, DMI was reduced on cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil. Despite similar milk yield among treatments, cows fed diets not supplemented with soybean oil increased both DMI and milk production as lactation advanced while no changes were observed for those fed diets containing soybean oil. Feeding soybean oil to early lactating dairy cows reduced corrected milk yield whereas content of milk fat decreased when either monensin or soybean oil was added to the diet; milk fat content was reduced in phases II and III of lactation on diets with supplemental fat while the opposite was observed on diets with no fat inclusion. Feeding monensin increased milk protein content but milk protein content and yield were both reduced by feeding soybean oil to dairy cows. Diets supplemented with soybean oil had greater feed efficiency but their lower energetic efficiency suggested that energy was switched from milk yield to weight gain in the current trial.

Rumen fermentation and rumen microbes in Nellore steers receiving diets with different lipid contents

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid content (20, 40 and 60 g/kg dry matter) on intake, total and ruminal apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, microbial synthesis efficiency and rumen microbial content of beef cattle. Nine cannulated steers at 6 months of age with initial body weight of 232±35 kg were used in a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design. The results indicated that the total intake and digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were not affected by the lipid content of the diet. However, the lowest lipid content diet reduced the total digestibility of crude protein (CP) and total carbohydrate linearly compared with the highest lipid diet. In contrast, when steers were fed a diet containing 20 g lipids/kg of DM, the concentration of ammonia in the rumen decreased quadratically relative to the other diets. Ruminal pH was not affected by the interaction of treatment and sampling time; however, the rumen pH decreased quadratically in animals that received the highest dietary lipid content (60 g/kg) compared with animals that received 20 and 40 g lipids/kg of DM. The rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids, propionate, and butyrate and the acetate/propionate ratio were affected by the dietary lipid content. However, the microbial population, microbial N flow, and efficiency of synthesis were not affected by dietary lipid content. Overall, an increase in the lipid content of the diet of Nellore steers resulted in similar digestive profiles and fermentation conditions.

Isolation and expeditious morphological, biochemical and kinetic characterization of propolis-tolerant ruminal bacteria

It was aimed in this work to evaluate bacterial strains tolerant to products based on propolis (LLOS) through the isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization techniques in diets with roughage:concentrate ratio 100:0 and 50:50. For roughage diets, the products LLOSC1 and LLOSB3 were evaluated, and for 50:50% diets, the products LLOSC1, LLOSD1, LLOSA2, and LLOSC3, which differed in alcoholic concentrations (1, 2 and 3) and propolis (A, B, C and D) concentrations. The ruminal liquid was anaerobically incubated at 39°C for 6 days in medium containing LLOS. After isolation, the strains were submitted to Gram staining and the bacterial growth was monitored by photospectrometer. It was evaluated the strain growth in the presence of the following subtracts: arabinose, cellulose, glucose, cellobiose, xylose, fructose, and lactose. In roughage diets, strains tolerant to LLOSC1 and LLOSB3 were similar to carbohydrates degradation, except lactose in which LLOSC1 was superior to strains tolerant to LLOSB3. For diets with 50:50 roughage:concentrate ratio, the products LLOSC3 and LLOSA2 stood out because they selected the highest number of strains able to degrade most of the tested carbohydrates. The results suggest that tolerance to propolis is higher in Gram-positive strains with several growth metabolic levels.

Efeito da combinação de óleo de soja e monensina na dieta sobre o consumo de matéria seca e a digestão em vacas lactantes

Four rumen fistulated lactating dairy cows were assigned to a Latin Square (4x4), with 21 days of experimental period, being the last three days for evaluation, to evaluate the effects of the combination of soybean oil and monensin in lactating dairy cow diets on dry matter intake, total and partial digestibility of the nutrients and ruminal fermentation and microbial synthesis. The animals were assigned to a factorial arrangement (2x2): presence (4% in total DM) or absence of soybean oil and presence (33 ppm) or monensin absence and were fed diets with 55% corn silage and 45% concentrate. For evaluation of the total and partial digestibility, feces samples and omasal digesta were collected, using ADFi and Cr2O3 as markers. The oil presence reduced dry matter intake, but allowed similar TND intake. The total digestibility of nutrients was not affected by treatments. The NDF ruminal digestibility was similar in the oil presence and in the monensin presence, but it was reduced in the combination of the two. The pH, the efficiency of microbial synthesis and the total of VFA of the rumen liquor were similar among the treatments. Interaction was observed between oil and monensin for N-NH3 concentration, being verified smaller value for the diets with oil only. The proportion of acetate was reduced either in the oil presence or in the monensin presence, but in different magnitudes, as well as in the combination of the two. The propionic acid concentration increased with monensin and with oil, and butyric acid decreased with oil. Acetate:propionate ratio was reduced either in the oil presence or in the monensin presence. The synthesis of microbial protein was reduced in the oil presence and still more when oil was associated to monensin. The soybean oil and monensin combination act about the same microbial population and the sensibility to the action of the monensin it is increased in the oil presence. The limitation intake by fill rumen effect, by reduction of NDF digestibility, or by higher energy content, does not justify alone the reduction in dry matter intake in diets with soybean oil, indicating that metabolic factor can be involved.