Emilyn Midori Maeda

Digestibilidade e características ruminais de dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado para bubalinos e bovinos

The objective of this trial was to evaluate three different concentrate levels (CL) (23, 43 and 63%) on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal metabolism, and microbial efficiency in Holstein bovines and Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed diets containing ground corn and dry cassava by-product as energy sources. Three Holstein bovines and three Murrah buffaloes averaging, respectively, 473±54 kg and 400±33 kg of body weight (BW), fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were blocked by species and randomly assigned to two replicated 3 x 3 Latin squares with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Chromium oxide was used as duodenal and fecal flow marker. Intake of dry matter (DM) was lower on bubalines (1.40% of BW) than on bovines (1.63% of BW). The greatest CP intake was of 10.09 g/kg BW0.75 for bovines and 8.63 g/kg BW0.75 for bubalines with 44.4% of concentrate in the diet while the highest starch intake was of 32.83 g/kg BW 0.75 for bovines and 28.38 g/kg BW 0.75 for bubalines with 61.69% of concentrate in the diet. There were no effects of CL and species on total tract digestibility, ruminal digestibility, and intestinal digestibility of nutrients with the exception of starch and CP. Apparent total tract digestibility of starch was greatest on bovines (95.7 vs. 85.8%); ruminal starch digestibility was also greatest on bovines (87.4% vs. 81.9%) and that increased linearly when the CL was increased in the diet. It was observed lower ruminal digestibility (13.2 vs. 27.5%) and higher intestinal digestibility (86.8 vs. 72.5%) of CP on bovines compared to bubalines in this trial. Ruminal pH averaged 6.7 on bubalines and was greater that than on bovines (6.3). Ruminal ammonia concentration differed across treatments on bubalines but not on bovines whereas microbial efficiency was not affected either by dietary CL or by species.

Digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio de rações com diferentes teores de proteína degradável no rúmen e milho moído como fonte de amido em ovinos

Four castrated sheep averaging 38.5 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance (NB) on diets containing different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP): 46, 50, 54, and 58% and ground corn. The four experimental diets were composed by 75% of forage (oat hay) and 25% of concentrate containing ground corn (GC), soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), fish meal (FM), urea, and mineral salt. No significant differences were observed on the intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF by increasing the dietary RDP levels. Nitrogen intake (NI), urinary N excretion, fecal N excretion, and NB expressed as % NI averaged, respectively, 31.68 g/d, 6.34 g/d, 11.31 g/d, and 47.27% and did not differ across diets. Similarly, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM CP, NDF, and ADF averaged, respectively, 71.90, 73.00, 79.70, 61.10, and 52.00% and did not differ when the RDP level was increased in the diet. It can be concluded that both digestibility of nutrients and NB were not affected by different dietary RDP levels under the conditions of this trial.

Chemical composition, fermentation, in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability of sugar cane silages with Lactobacillus, urea and agricultural byproduct

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sugarcane silage in relation to chemical composition, pH, total losses, aerobic stability, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and effective degradability (ED) of bovine and buffaloes under the following treatments (on a dry matter (DM) basis): sugarcane silage control (control), with addition of 3.3% urea; with addition of Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate); with inoculate + 3.3% urea; with inoculate + 25.0% soybean hull, and with inoculate + 25.0% cassava byproduct meal. The experiment was analyzed through a completely randomized design with three replications, and for DM ED, a double 4 × 4 Latin square with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. The sugarcane variety was the RB-855156 (precocious). The urea increased the protein level and reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber and lignin fractions. Treatments with inoculate + cassava byproduct and inoculate + soybean hull increased DM levels. Bovines presented higher IVDDM than buffaloes. pH values varied from 3.1 to 4.0. Mean total losses observed were 7.8%. Treatments with inoculate + cassava and inoculate + soybean hulls resulted in larger aerobic stability with 61 and 81 hours, respectively, in relation to silages control (24 h) and control with 3.3% urea (33 h). A higher DM ED was verified for silages with inoculate + control and inoculate + soybean hulls at 2%/h passage rates and higher neutral detergent fiber ED for the treatment of control + inoculate + soybean hulls at 2 and 5%/h. Silages treated with urea, L. buchneri or agricultural byproduct plus inoculate presented better quality pattern.

Intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silage with additives

Intake and total and ruminal digestibility, ruminal characteristics and microbial synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silages treated with microbial additive Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate) and the addition of: cassava byproduct meal at 250 g/kg; soybean hulls at 250 g/kg; and urea at 33 g/kg, in natural matter were evaluated. The forage:concentrate ratio was 600:400 g/kg. Bubaline body weight (BW) was 403±49 kg and bovine BW was 492±10 kg. The experimental design consisted of two 4 × 4 Latin squares in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The average DM intake did not differ between species, and the diet with urea showed lowest intake (13 g/kg BW). Among the diets, the one with soybean hulls addition increased the total digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), while addition of urea reduced the DM, OM and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) total digestibility in both species. Bovines have higher ruminal digestibility of NFC in the diet with addition of inoculate, inoculate + soybean meal and inoculate + urea diets than bubaline. Ruminal liquid pH was higher for bubaline (6.61) than bovines (6.48). Diets with addition of cassava byproduct and soybean hulls presented higher ruminal short chain fatty acids concentrations. Ruminal ammonia concentration (N-NH3) did not differ between species and the treatment with urea presented the highest value of N-NH3 (17.25 mg/100 mL). Liquid passage rate was higher for bubaline (12.9%/h) than bovines (9.9%/h). Bubaline has higher microbial synthesis efficiency than bovine: 35.1 vs 24.6 g of N-microbial/kg OM of the total rumen digestibility, regardless of the diet.

Digestibilidade parcial e total de rações com a inclusão de ionóforo ou probiótico para bubalinos e bovinos

The effects of the ionophore (sodic monensin) and of the probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + selenium + chrome) were evaluated in rations with 50:50% of forage:concentrate ratio on the total (TDC) and partial [ruminal digestibility coefficients (RDC) and intestinal (IDN)] nutrients digestibility coefficients. Three Murrah buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) and three steers Holstein (Bos taurus), with an of 477 ± 47 kg and 518 ± 56 kg of average weight respectively, and with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used; the animals were designed into two 3 ´ 3 latin squares and in a 3 ´ 2 factorial arrangement. The acid insoluble ash was the internal marker for fecal and duodenal flow. No interaction of diet and animal species for TDC of nutrients was observed, although the ionophore addition in the ration showed a positive effect on TDC for DM, CP, EE and starch and the probiotic addition increased TDC of starch, NDF and ADF. The ionophore and probiotic addition provided higher ruminal fermentation of NDF and ADF and higher IDC of starch. It was observed higher TDC of CP and starch for bovine and higher TDC of NDF for buffaloes. There was interaction of rations ´ species only on RDC and IDC for DM, CP and EE. The ionophore addition was effective to increase the ruminal fermentation of DM, to reduce ruminal degradation of CP and to increase IDC of CP for both species. The probiotic addition also reduces ruminal degradation of CP in buffaloes, but in lower scale than ionophore. For buffaloes, the presence or absence of additives in rations caused higher RDC of DM, the absence of addictives in ration caused higher RDC and lower IDC of CP than in bovine.

Proteína degradável no rúmen na dieta de bovinos: digestibilidades total e parcial dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais

Quatro novilhos da raca Holandesa (450 kg) portadores de cânula ruminal e duodenal, recebendo dietas com niveis de proteina degradavel no rumen (PDR) de 50, 60, 65 e 70%, associadas a uma fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal (farinha de varredura de mandioca), foram distribuidos em quadrado latino 4 × 4 para se avaliarem as digestibilidades total e parcial dos nutrientes, a concentracao de amonia e o pH ruminal. Foi utilizada, como indicador do fluxo duodenal e fecal, a cinza insoluvel em acido. Nao foi observado efeito do nivel de PDR sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade total, digestibilidade ruminal e digestibilidade intestinal da materia seca, materia orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos nao-estruturais e energia bruta. O aumento do nivel de PDR na dieta elevou o coeficiente de digestibilidade total e ruminal da proteina bruta e reduziu a digestibilidade intestinal desse nutriente como porcentagem do digerido. Nao houve efeito dos niveis de PDR no pH ruminal, no entanto, maior concentracao ruminal de amonia foi observada para as dietas com maior teor de PDR. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o aumento no teor de PDR acarretou maior producao de nitrogenio na forma de amonia, independentemente da presenca da fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal, contudo, o aporte de proteina intestinal foi semelhante para todas as dietas.