Esperanza Marchena Consejero

Niveles de dificultad de la conciencia fonológica y aprendizaje lector

Resumen Aunque existe una relacion entre conciencia fonologica y lectura, se da una controversia sobre su posible causalidad. El conocimiento fonologico es una habilidad necesaria para el aprendizaje de la lectura, pero el proceso de aprender a leer puede facilitar su desarrollo. Estudios previos han efectuado un entrenamiento en conciencia fonologica, pero son menos los que evaluan el desarrollo de la conciencia fonologica en alumnos que no han recibido entrenamiento. Los objetivos fundamentales de este estudio han sido: a) determinar los niveles de dificultad de la conciencia fonologica en relacion con niveles silabico y fonemico en tareas de identificacion, adicion y omision en silabas y fonemas, y b) identificar diferencias de conciencia fonologica en funcion del desarrollo lector. Se evaluo, mediante la Prueba de Evaluacion del Conocimiento Fonologico, a 299 estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre 5,6 y 7,6 anos (el 52,6%, ninos, y el 47,4%, ninas), procedentes de colegios publicos. Fueron distribuidos en tres grupos segun el nivel lector alcanzado. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la conciencia fonologica en funcion del nivel de desarrollo lector entre los grupos, considerando conciencia fonologica, silabica y fonemica. Se detecto a aproximadamente el 18% de los participantes (un total de 53 alumnos) con dificultades, el 55%, ninos, y el 45%, ninas. Estos resultados son relevantes por cuanto indican que conviene realizar una intervencion cuando los problemas con la lectura tengan que ver con el conocimiento fonologico. La secuencia de desarrollo encontrada permite establecer actividades para entrenar al alumnado con dificultades de aprendizaje de la lectura.

Rendimiento de la memoria prospectiva en personas mayores, adultos y jóvenes

The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.

PROSPECTIVE MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN OLDER PEOPLE, ADULTS AND YOUTH

The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.

RENDIMENTO DA MEMÓRIA PROSPECTIVA EM IDOSOS, ADULTOS E JOVENS

The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.