Estela Márcia Saraiva Campos

Avaliação da atenção básica pela ótica político-institucional e da organização da atenção com ênfase na integralidade

This article presents part of the data from an evaluation of primary care, implemented as part of research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2005. Thirty-one municipalities from the States of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo comprised the study sample. Data collected with qualitative methods (interviews and documents) were summarized, with the production of a set of categorical variables. The article presents the distribution of values for the variables by municipality. The variables were submitted to correspondence analysis, which showed their internal validity. The article also provides observations on relevant aspects of the field. In conclusion, the evaluation demonstrates advances in the Family Health Strategy in Brazil, with important contributions to the Project for Expansion and Consolidation of the Family Health Strategy, despite persistent obstacles, particularly related to human resources in the family health strategies and local use of the data produced.

Hospitalizations for primary care-sensitive conditions in a Southern Brazilian municipality

OBJECTIVE To study the most frequent causes of hospitalizations for primary care-sensitive conditions (HPCSC) in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, by age group and gender, over the periods of 2002 to 2005 and of 2006 to 2009. METHODS This was a descriptive study, with data collected from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde - SIH-SUS) and from population projections by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE). HPCSC rates were calculated for 1,000 inhabitants, and the most frequent causes were studied by gender and age group, comparing both periods. RESULTS HPCSP showed rates of 7.74/1,000 between 2002 and 2005 and 8.81/1,000 between 2006 and 2009. The main causes were heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, angina pectoris, pulmonary diseases, and kidney and urinary tract infections, which together represented 4.9/1,000 in the first period and 5.6/1,000 in the second period. The evolution of the rates between both periods occurred differently by age group and gender. CONCLUSION The study did not exhibit any remarkable differences in HPCSC rates between the periods. Regarding the most frequent causes, reduced hospitalization rates for gastroenteritis, asthma, high blood pressure, and cerebrovascular diseases were observed, as well as increased hospitalizations for heart failure, pulmonary diseases, epilepsies, and kidney and urinary tract infections; these hospitalizations occurred differently by gender and age group. The results showed that a deep reflection regarding the determinants of hospitalizations for avoidable causes is needed.

Economic analysis of surgical treatment of hip fracture in older adults.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the incremental cost-utility ratio for the surgical treatment of hip fracture in older patients. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of a systematic sample of patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture at a central hospital of a macro-region in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. A decision tree creation was analyzed considering the direct medical costs. The study followed the healthcare provider’s perspective and had a one-year time horizon. Effectiveness was measured by the time elapsed between trauma and surgery after dividing the patients into early and late surgery groups. The utility was obtained in a cross-sectional and indirect manner using the EuroQOL 5 Dimensions generic questionnaire transformed into cardinal numbers using the national regulations established by the Center for the Development and Regional Planning of the State of Minas Gerais. The sample included 110 patients, 27 of whom were allocated in the early surgery group and 83 in the late surgery group. The groups were stratified by age, gender, type of fracture, type of surgery, and anesthetic risk. RESULTS The direct medical cost presented a statistically significant increase among patients in the late surgery group (p < 0.005), mainly because of ward costs (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in the late surgery group (7.4% versus 16.9%). The decision tree demonstrated the dominance of the early surgery strategy over the late surgery strategy: R

Atenção primária à saúde e coordenação do cuidado nas regiões de saúde: perspectiva de gestores e usuários

9,854.34 (USD4,387.17) versus R

Hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, 2000 and 2010

26,754.56 (USD11,911.03) per quality-adjusted life year. The sensitivity test with extreme values proved the robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS After controlling for confounding variables, the strategy of early surgery for hip fracture in the older adults was proven to be dominant, because it presented a lower cost and better results than late surgery.

Ações voltadas para o tabagismo: análise de sua implementação na Atenção Primária à Saúde

This paper aims to analyze the healthcare coordination by Primary Health Care (PHC), with the backdrop of building a Health Care Network (RAS) in a region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We conducted a case study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, proceeding to the triangulation of data between the perception of managers and experience of users. We drew analysis realms and variables from the three pillars of healthcare coordination - informational, clinical and administrative/organizational. Stroke was the tracer event chosen and therapeutic itineraries were conducted with users and questionnaires applied to the managers. The central feature of the construction of the Health Care Network in the studied area is the prominence of a philanthropic organization. The results suggest fragility of PHC in healthcare coordination in all analyzed realms. Furthermore, we identified a public-private mix, in addition to services contracted from the Unified Health System (SUS), with out-of-pocket payments for specialist consultation, tests and rehabilitation. Much in the same way that there is no RAS without a robust PHC capable of coordinating care, PHC is unable to play its role without a solid regional arrangement and a virtuous articulation between the three federative levels.Resumo O objetivo deste artigo e analisar a coordenacao do cuidado pela Atencao Primaria a Saude (APS), tendo como pano de fundo o processo de construcao da Rede de Atencao a Saude (RAS) em regiao do estado de Sao Paulo. Foi realizado estudo de caso com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, procedendo-se a triangulacao dos dados, entre a percepcao dos gestores e as experiencias dos usuarios. As dimensoes e as variaveis de analise partiram dos tres pilares da coordenacao do cuidado – informacional, clinico, administrativo/organizacional. Tendo como evento tracador o Acidente Vascular Encefalico, itinerarios terapeuticos foram conduzidos com usuarios e questionarios aplicados a gestores. A construcao da Rede de Atencao a Saude na regiao estudada tem como traco central o protagonismo de entidade filantropica. Os resultados sugerem fragilidades da APS em assumir papel de coordenacao do cuidado em todas as dimensoes analisadas. Ademais, foi identificado mix publico-privado para alem dos servicos contratados pelo SUS, com desembolso direto para consultas especializadas, exames e reabilitacao. Da mesma forma que nao existe RAS sem APS robusta capaz de coordenar o cuidado, a APS nao consegue exercer seu papel sem um solido arranjo regional e uma articulacao virtuosa entre os tres entes federados.

DIAGNÓSTICO HISTÓRICO DA TRIAGEM NEONATAL PARA DOENÇA FALCIFORME

OBJECTIVE To analyze hospitalization rates and the proportion of deaths due to ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations and to characterize them according to coverage by the Family Health Strategy, a primary health care guidance program. METHODS An ecological study comprising 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, under the purview of 28 regional health care units, was conducted. We used data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations in 2000 and 2010 were compared. Population data were obtained from the demographic censuses. RESULTS The number of ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations declined from 20.75/1,000 inhabitants [standard deviation (SD) = 10.42) in 2000 to 14.92/thousand inhabitants (SD = 10.04) in 2010 Heart failure was the most frequent cause in both years. Hospitalizations rates for hypertension, asthma, and diabetes mellitus, decreased, whereas those for angina pectoris, prenatal and birth disorders, kidney and urinary tract infections, and other acute infections increased. Hospitalization durations and the proportion of deaths due to ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS Mean hospitalization rates for sensitive conditions were significantly lower in 2010 than in 2000, but no correlation was found with regard to the expansion of the population coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Hospitalization rates and proportion of deaths were different between the various health care regions in the years evaluated, indicating a need to prioritize the primary health care with high efficiency and quality.

Indicadores relacionados ao nascimento da população adscrita a duas Unidades de Saúde da Família

This survey examined the status of the implementation of policies for tobacco control in a medium-sized municipality through an assessment of actions recommended by the National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP) promoted by Primary Health Care (PHC) units. The coordinator of the local NTCP and professionals from 44 PHC units of Juiz de Fora in the state of Minas Gerais were interviewed, between May and July 2011. It was observed that the actions of treatment and health promotion were being duly executed, the highlight being the training of professionals to implement treatment in PHC. In 40.9%, there is the provision of treatment for smokers, and in 88.6% the actions are concentrated in activities in waiting rooms, groups and individual consultations. Limitations identified are probably not restricted to the municipality, such as inadequate structuring of units, high turnover, the varying degree of involvement of professionals in implementing the service and also the lack of mechanisms to enable them to implement and give continuity to care among their other responsibilities. The major challenge for tobacco control is to conduct intersectoral actions and in primary health care. The results can serve for the formulation of strategic health actions in other parts of the country.