Fernanda Maria de Almeida

Impacto da regulamentação SPS e TBT nas exportações brasileiras de uva no período de 1995 a 2009

The grape production chain has unique importance regarding to generate income and employment for many regional economies. However, in recent years, international trades in this sector, as well as the entire fruit sector, have been facing the imposition of various non-tariff measures, including sanitary, phytosanitary and technical. Thus, this paper analyzes the effects of sanitary, phytosanitary and technical rules imposed by importing countries of the Brazilian grape, from 1995 to 2009. To this end, we made an analysis of inventory and an econometric approach, in which we used the gravity model, in order to verify the impact of such measures on the Brazilian shipments of grape. The results found in the inventory analysis showed a positive relationship between changes in the number of notifications and import trends. As for the econometric model, the possibility of such measures have negatively affected the trading was disregarded and, in the case of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, a positive relationship with grape exports was found, i.e., they helped trades and effects of technical measures on exports were zero.

Notificações aos acordos TBT e SPS: diferentes objetivos e resultados sobre o comércio internacional de agroalimentos

This study aims to assess the effects of different objectives contained in the notifications applied to the TBT and SPS Agreements of the World Trade Organization had on international trade in different agrifood products between 1996 and 2010. For this purpose, we used a gravity model, estimated by the method of sample selection. The results showed that notifications for the purposes of consumer information contributed to the increase of the trade. Similarly, when the justifications of goals of notifications were combating epidemics worldwide, such as Avian Influenza, Bovine Brucellosis and other diseases, the international trade was favored. For other objectives, such as food safety, animal health, plant protection and conformity assessment, the effects were not standardized. We concluded that, if the countries disclose the meeting of the requirements of the TBT and SPS notifications, trade will be expanded. Thus, trade policies and business strategies can use labels and medias to disclose how the requirements contained in the notifications were met. Therefore, the gains from trades can be expanded.

Estrutura arrecadatória e desenvolvimento socioeconômico dos municípios mineiros

A adocao do federalismo fiscal no Brasil dotou Estados e Municipios de capacidade tributaria parcial, uma vez que, alem de participacao nas receitas tributarias da Uniao, existe a alternativa de geracao de receitas proprias. No entanto, constata-se que a maioria dos municipios e extremamente dependente das transferencias intergovernamentais, devido ao baixo esforco fiscal, o que implica na insuficiencia de receitas para o cumprimento de suas funcoes e competencias basicas, influenciando no desenvolvimento municipal. Neste aspecto, este trabalho objetivou identificar a relacao entre a composicao da arrecadacao tributaria propria e o nivel de transferencias intergovernamentais com o desenvolvimento socioeconomico dos municipios mineiros. Para atendimento aos objetivos, foram utilizadas tecnicas de Analise Exploratoria de Dados, teste ANOVA de diferenca de medias e o teste Qui-Quadrado. Constatou-se que os municipios de maior potencial arrecadatorio apresentam melhores desempenhos medios das variaveis relacionadas ao porte populacional, desenvolvimento municipal, renda, arrecadacao propria per capita e Valor Adicionado Fiscal por setor, a excecao do VAF per capita das atividades primarias. Comprovou-se tambem que os grupos sao distintos em relacao aos niveis medios de arrecadacao tributaria propria, exceto em relacao as receitas com ISS, que nao tem associacao com a classificacao dos municipios nos estratos de potencial arrecadatorio. Constatou-se ainda que municipios com maiores receitas proprias per capita tem maiores indices medios de desenvolvimento municipal. Assim, conclui-se que, tanto os niveis quanto a composicao da arrecadacao propria influenciam o desenvolvimento dos municipios mineiros.

Contextos (in)adequados para o engajamento cidadão no controle social

This paper began with a bibliographic framework on the influence of context on the objects of analysis, to better understand the characteristics and the engagement of citizens in municipal areas of Minas Gerais state. The aim was to identify the aspects that contribute to the creation of an environment favorable to democratic participation. By using factor analysis, it was possible to point to three important factors relating to the engagement of citizens in these municipalities: the Municipal Structure, the Institutional Context and Social Mobilization. Based on this information, an index was devised that enabled one to determine the municipalities that were more or less favorable to such engagement by their residents. The studys results strengthened the arguments in favor of prioritizing in terms of supporting those municipalities in less favorable situations, thereby enabling their citizens to become effectively involved and consequently help in providing appropriate solutions to improve the municipal spaces in which they reside.

O Comércio Internacional do Café Brasileiro: a influência dos custos de transporte

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores determinantes dos custos de transporte das exportacoes brasileiras de cafe verde, que e um dos principais produtos da pauta de exportacao do Brasil. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se avaliar os impactos que esses fatores tem sobre as exportacoes dessa commodity. Primeiramente, utilizou-se um modelo “tipo-gravidade”, que considerou, entre outras variaveis, distintas medidas da variavel distância, para averiguar os determinantes dos custos de transporte do cafe. A segunda analise foi realizada por meio de uma equacao que utiliza variaveis de modelos de gravidade basicos, acrescido das variaveis utilizadas como determinantes dos custos de transporte. Em ambas as estimativas utilizou-se o metodo Tobit com dados em painel, de 2000 a 2006. Os resultados, como esperado, indicaram que os gastos com transporte, nas exportacoes do cafe brasileiro, sao sensiveis a distância entre o Brasil e seus parceiros comerciais, ou seja, quanto maior a distância, maiores os custos de transporte. Na analise das exportacoes, a distância entre os paises e a ausencia de litoral nos paises importadores foram os fatores que mais afetaram os custos de transporte, apresentando-se como barreiras as exportacoes do cafe.......The main objective of this study is to evaluate which factors are the determinants of the transportation costs of the Brazilian exports of green coffee, one of the major export products of Brazil. Additionally, it intended to evaluate the impacts that these factors have over the exports of this commodity. First of all, a “type-gravity” model was used, which considered, among other variables, different measures of the variable distance, to find the determinants of the costs of transports of green coffee. In second place, an analysis was accomplished adding to the basic gravity model those variables used to determinate transportation costs. For both estimates, the Tobit method was used with panel data, from 2000 to 2006. Results, as expected, indicated that the expenses with transportation in the green coffee exports are sensitive to distance between Brazil and their commercial partners. In other words, the higher the distance, the higher the transportation costs. In the analysis of green coffee exports, the distance between countries and the absence of a coast in importing countries have affected more the transportation costs, becoming barriers to green coffee exports.