Orlando Monteiro da Silva

Sistema regional de inovação: estudo das regiões brasileiras

Este trabalho analisou o processo de formacao regional do Brasil, os desequilibrios existentes entre as regioes e as perspectivas futuras. Teve como proposta basica analisar o possivel processo de convergencia de renda das regioes brasileiras, utilizando o conceito de gap tecnologico. Segundo esse conceito, os desequilibrios regionais sao o resultado de diferentes taxas de desenvolvimento economico, que, por sua vez, resultam de diferentes niveis de desenvolvimento tecnologico, os quais, por fim, sao consequencias de condicoes historicas, sociais e culturais especificas de cada regiao. Dessa forma, pressupos-se a existencia de relacao positiva entre nivel de desenvolvimento tecnologico, dependencia tecnologica, dependencia economica, nivel de desenvolvimento economico e convergencia de renda. Os resultados mostram que, em relacao a possibilidade de as regioes e os estados menos desenvolvidos realizarem o catching up com aqueles mais desenvolvidos, as variaveis que representam tanto a geracao quanto a apropriacao de novas tecnologias sao significativas e diretamente relacionadas com o produto. Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que o catching up seria possivel caso houvesse um maior investimento no processo de desenvolvimento e apropriacao de novas tecnologias por parte dos governos regionais.

Análise da competitividade da produção de soja nos sistemas de plantio direto e plantio convencional na região do cerrado brasileiro

The national agricultural section, in phase of reorganization and adaptation to the new production and sale standards, faces the challenge of growing in a competitive and sustainable way, to meet the internal demand and to conquer and to maintain foreign market space, supplying products and quality processes with sustainability and at competitive prices. To meet the new demands of a more ecologically and economically balanced agriculture, it requires the practice of a production consistent with the sustainable development.

WHEAT POLICY AND ECONOMY-WIDE REFORM IN BRAZIL

In recent years, the wheat sector in Brazil has moved from governmental protection and public intervention to a free market and privatization. In this study, those changes are analyzed through measures of governmental intervention on nominal rates of protection and on welfare of producers and consumers. Elasticities of demand and supply of wheat are estimated, and the effects of changes in policies are analyzed under official and shadow exchange rates. Welfare measures indicate that almost US

FATORES INTERNOS COMO DETERMINANTES DA COMPETITIVIDADE NO COMÉRCIO INTERNACIONAL: UM ENFOQUE GRAVITACIONAL

8 billion were spent from 1970 until 1989 with policies to subsidize producers and consumers. The policy-induced stimulus to consumer demand exceeded the stimulus to domestic production, and self sufficiency in wheat declined. The reduction in wheat subsidies since 1989 was more than an isolated sector-specific policy. It was part of macroeconomic antiinflation policy, and it coincided with other economy-wide changes such as real appreciation and a decline in international commodity prices.

UMA AVALIAÇÃO DA SIMILARIDADE E DA SOFISTICAÇÃO DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DOS PAÍSES DO CONE SUL

The consideration of internal factors, besides the variables of the border has increasing relevance in studies of international trade. Therefore, we propose an expanded definition of trade facilitation, which allows to evaluate the contribution of competitiveness indicators internal of nations on international trade flows. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the effects of indicators of relative competitiveness of countries on bilateral trade flows. The indicators were considered: economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure of different nations. Gravity equations with trade data of 59 countries in the period 1997 to 2011 were adjusted. Overall, the results were robust and, in particular, demonstrated that the level of business efficiency indicates a greater impact on trade compared to other indicators.

Institutions and Bilateral Agricultural Trade

The aim of this study was to make an evolutionary analysis of the structure of exports of the Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay), in the period between 2000 and 2011. Indexes of similarity and sophistication of exports were used, for assessing export specialization, based on the fact that, similar goods that every two countries export to certain market can be considered competitors in that market. The results showed that the indicators of similarity did not advance during the study period, while the sophistication index evolved below the world average. In general, the list of exports of those countries depend heavily on primary and agricultural products, for which they already have competitive advantage in international markets. The change in the structure of the export basket presented a growth rate lower than other countries average, indicating that the Southern Cone countries have had trouble to specialize in products with high income content.

O Comércio Internacional do Café Brasileiro: a influência dos custos de transporte

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of institutional differences between countries on trade flows of agricultural products. The analysis was carried out by estimating the gravity model as proposed by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) and Anderson and van Wincoop (2004). The sample covered a total of 59 countries for the period from 2005 to 2010. The results showed that the institutional differences between countries have a significant and negative effect on agricultural trade. Furthermore, the greater is the difference in the quality of institutions between countries, the higher its restrictive effect on trade.

Uma estimativa da contribuição tarifária para o efeito-fronteira no Brasil

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores determinantes dos custos de transporte das exportacoes brasileiras de cafe verde, que e um dos principais produtos da pauta de exportacao do Brasil. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se avaliar os impactos que esses fatores tem sobre as exportacoes dessa commodity. Primeiramente, utilizou-se um modelo “tipo-gravidade”, que considerou, entre outras variaveis, distintas medidas da variavel distância, para averiguar os determinantes dos custos de transporte do cafe. A segunda analise foi realizada por meio de uma equacao que utiliza variaveis de modelos de gravidade basicos, acrescido das variaveis utilizadas como determinantes dos custos de transporte. Em ambas as estimativas utilizou-se o metodo Tobit com dados em painel, de 2000 a 2006. Os resultados, como esperado, indicaram que os gastos com transporte, nas exportacoes do cafe brasileiro, sao sensiveis a distância entre o Brasil e seus parceiros comerciais, ou seja, quanto maior a distância, maiores os custos de transporte. Na analise das exportacoes, a distância entre os paises e a ausencia de litoral nos paises importadores foram os fatores que mais afetaram os custos de transporte, apresentando-se como barreiras as exportacoes do cafe.......The main objective of this study is to evaluate which factors are the determinants of the transportation costs of the Brazilian exports of green coffee, one of the major export products of Brazil. Additionally, it intended to evaluate the impacts that these factors have over the exports of this commodity. First of all, a “type-gravity” model was used, which considered, among other variables, different measures of the variable distance, to find the determinants of the costs of transports of green coffee. In second place, an analysis was accomplished adding to the basic gravity model those variables used to determinate transportation costs. For both estimates, the Tobit method was used with panel data, from 2000 to 2006. Results, as expected, indicated that the expenses with transportation in the green coffee exports are sensitive to distance between Brazil and their commercial partners. In other words, the higher the distance, the higher the transportation costs. In the analysis of green coffee exports, the distance between countries and the absence of a coast in importing countries have affected more the transportation costs, becoming barriers to green coffee exports.

SPS and TBT agreements and international agricultural trade: retaliation or cooperation?

The objective of this paper was to analyze, explicitly, the effect of tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on the Brazilian exports and its contribution to the border effect. It was used a gravity model with a procedure to calculate the tariff equivalent of non-tariff barriers. In the simplest model, estimated border effect showed that Brazilian states trade on average 33 times more among themselves than with the rest of the world. Explicit introduction of tariffs in the model showed that exports suffered a greater reduction than the increase on tariffs. The isolation of the influence of tariffs on the border-effect indicated that Brazilian states would still trade 26 times more among themselves. The calculated tariff equivalent of non-tariff barriers showed that those NTBs correspond to a tariff ad valorem of approximately 29%.