Flávia Cristina Silveira Lemos

Culture and the distinctiveness motive : constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts

The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker-and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism-collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Multilevel analysis confirmed that it is the prevailing beliefs and values in an individuals context, rather than the individuals own beliefs and values, that account for these differences.

Beyond the ‘East-West’ Dichotomy: Global Variation in Cultural Models of Selfhood

Markus and Kitayamas (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayamas predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record

Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups

Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 (N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and self-representations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.

Cultural bases for self-evaluation: seeing oneself positively in different cultural contexts

Several theories propose that self-esteem, or positive self-regard, results from fulfilling the value priorities of one’s surrounding culture. Yet, surprisingly little evidence exists for this assertion, and theories differ about whether individuals must personally endorse the value priorities involved. We compared the influence of four bases for self-evaluation (controlling one’s life, doing one’s duty, benefitting others, achieving social status) among 4,852 adolescents across 20 cultural samples, using an implicit, within-person measurement technique to avoid cultural response biases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed that participants generally derived feelings of self-esteem from all four bases, but especially from those that were most consistent with the value priorities of others in their cultural context. Multilevel analyses confirmed that the bases of positive self-regard are sustained collectively: They are predictably moderated by culturally normative values but show little systematic variation with personally endorsed values.

A genealogia em Foucault: uma trajetoria

a history of discursive practices, power and subjectivity was the contract proposed by Foucault. the analysis of the source and emergency broke with a whole historiographical tradition which made the events memory and monuments constructed and interpreted by categories of similarity. Foucault questions this model to make history, working with new issues and problems and working with the multiplicity of scattered, rare, heterogeneous events, in clippings of series of statements in files, without searching for early origins and without utilitarian goals to be achieved.

UMA ANÁLISE DO ACONTECIMENTO “CRIANÇAS E JOVENS EM RISCO”

En este trabajo se analiza la situacion de riesgo en un aspecto historico y politico. Presenta una vision general del debate sobre esta categoria de analisis, desnaturalizandola. En una segunda parte del texto, se busca tejer una descripcion de como la situacion de riesgo llego a la escena politica de la proteccion de los ninos y jovenes como un modo estrategico de la proteccion social y la prevencion. A continuacion, se analiza como se materializa la gestion del riesgo en la practica de los miembros del consejo tutelar en Brasil, despues de la aprobacion del Estatuto de la Ninez y la Adolescencia. El consejo tutelar se convierte en un organo central de gerencia de las desviaciones en el nombre de la proteccion integral. Llegamos a la conclusion de que generar riesgos implica gobernar conductas desde la logica de la sociedad de seguridad.This article discusses the risk event, from a historical and political perspective. It presents an overview of the debate on this analytical category, denaturalizing it. In the second part of the text, we seek to weave a description of how the risk event came on the scene in the policy of protection of children and young people as a strategic means of social protection and prevention. Then, it analyzes how risk management is materialized in the practices of the guardianship council members in Brazil, following the approval of the Statute of Children and Adolescents. The guardianship council becomes a central board of management of deviations in behalf of full protection. We conclude that managing risks involves governing behaviors out of the logic of a safety society.

O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente em discursos autoritários

It is with this article question the ownership of the Statute of the Child and Adolescent in power and know practices driven by populist policies and authoritarian soon after the promulgation of this code, at the inauguration of the Ministry of the Child. These speeches, is the then President of Brazil in the period, Fernando Collor de Mello. Through a historical and genealogical methodology of Michel Foucault and theoretical contributions of anthropologist Marilena Chaui, analyzes the speeches that built the children and young people as the goal-Brazilian synthesis of the New Republic. These actors idealized in the Statute of the Child and Adolescent symbol of the entry of Brazil in civilization and modernization, in an illustrated design of Law as a mechanism of progress and development of a nation. These practices they tried to delete, by means of games of be able, the struggles of movements socials in advantage from claim of rights of children and adolescents.

A medicalização da educação e da resistência no presente: disciplina, biopolítica e segurança

This article aims at bringing to debate nowaday ́s intensive medicalization of existence, especially when it occurs by silencing of resistance by both disciplines and biopolitical and also by the strategies of increasingly refined security. These are used tactically, in a set of institutions that are run by expert specialists in diagnosing social deviations and differences by biomedical rationales, psychologizing and pathologizing of inventive education and political dissent. Our aim in this work is to problematize these everyday social practices and their effects. We also propose to describe and analyze the resistance to these practices. To sustain our argument we have the theoretical support of Michel Foucault and Robert Castel . This study is part of and ongoing research and historical nature through which we intent to contribute to the critique of medicalization of education and political dissent, today, in a society of security.Este artigo visa colocar em debate a medicalizacao intensiva da existencia verificada na atualidade, sobretudo quando esta ocorre pelo silenciamento da resistencia, seja pelas disciplinas, seja pelas biopoliticas seja ainda pelas estrategias de seguranca. Estas sao cada vez mais refinadas, sendo utilizadas de modo tatico, em um conjunto de instituicoes que sao administradas por especialistas peritos em diagnosticar os desvios sociais e as divergencias pelas racionalidades biomedicas, psicologizantes e patologizantes da educacao inventiva e da dissidencia politica. O objetivo deste artigo e problematizar essas praticas sociais e seus efeitos cotidianos, alem de descrever e analisar as resistencias a essas praticas, sempre com base nas contribuicoes de Michel Foucault e de Robert Castel. Esse texto, em formato de estudo teorico, e um recorte de pesquisas em andamento, de cunho documental e historico, em que pretendemos contribuir com a critica a medicalizacao da educacao e da dissidencia politica, na atualidade, em uma sociedade de seguranca.

A história do presente em Foucault e as lutas atuais

Este artigo promove um debate sobre as lutas sociais e politicas a partir das pesquisas de Michel Foucault, em uma historia do presente, apontando contribuicoes das analises de arquivos e de ferramentas que nos inquietam pela forca do questionamento que produzem e tambem pela atitude critica e politica que possibilitam, bem como a postura etica que movem nos trabalhos em psicologia social, no Brasil. O legado de Foucault e vasto pela potencia de seus escritos e rupturas provocadas em diferentes areas entre pesquisadores e militantes, em muitos paises, o que diz de suas ressonâncias e da importância de escrever a respeito.

Biopolítica, gênero e organismos internacionais: mercado dos direitos das mulheres

This article aims to analyze governance practices of women by UNESCO and UNICEF from the historical and documentary perspective. Makes up a critique of instrumentality of the rights of same by the neoliberal management and wonders whether the present entrepreneurship proposed by these organizations. It is also analyzed how these bodies governing bodies of women through family relationships, marital and for the education of children. Finally, are problematized the links between gender actions, the crossing of a biological rationality of gender and the empowerments of women in politics to mediate conflicts in the community on behalf of the security.