Glauco de Souza Rolim

Classificação climática de Köppen e de Thornthwaite e sua aplicabilidade na determinação de zonas agroclimáticas para o estado de são Paulo

Climate can be understood as the mean atmospheric condition for a certain region. It affects directly most of the human activities, in special agriculture since it defines final yield levels, conditioned mainly by the regional water availability. However, the climatic classifications systems (SCC) are not often used for agricultural studies because usually their scales are considered very wide. Therefore monthly mean values of maximum and minimum air temperature of 27 termometric stations and 427 pluviometric stations of State of Sao Paulo were utilized to update and improve the mapping of two SCC, Koppen modified and Thornthwaite, besides to evaluate their applicability for agroclimatic zonning for the State of Sao Paulo. The use of 427 localities resulted in amore accurate mapping of the State by both climatic classifications. Their applicability on agroclimatical studies was evaluated through the separation capacity of the climate types by two systems, in relation to the meteorological elements and components of normal water balance. It was used data dispersion analysis, Tukey´s test and cluster analysis with independent data. The Koppen SCC showed to be efficient only for macroscale and low capacity of climate types separation in relation to meteorological elements (air temperature, rain) and data resulting from water balance (evapotranspiration, deficit and surplus). As a result this SCC should not be used in agrometeorological studies. On the other hand, Thornthwaite SCC efficiently separates the climate types in toposcale or mesoscale in view of the fact that it can efficiently resume generated informations by normal water balance, indicating ability to determine agroclimatical zones. Discussions were also made about sowing dates and final quality of agricultural products related to the two SCC considered question.

Zoneamento agroclimático de nogueira-macadâmia para o Brasil

The macadamia nut has a growing market with great potential, but still little explored in Brazil. The regional climate and soil conditions have extreme importance to crop sustainability exerting great influence on phenology, quality and productivity. The aim of this study was to make the agroclimatical zoning of macadamia nut to Brazil. For this purpose, information about the relationship of climate requirements and plant development were used to establish classes of capability and subsequent mapping of suitable, marginal and unsuitable regions for nut production. Mean air temperature and precipitation data from 1073 Brazilian weather stations were used. Each station had at least 30 years of data. As a result Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, southern Minas Gerais, eastern Mato Grosso do Sul, and west of Parana had favorable conditions for macadamia nuts cultivation.

Época de florescimento e horas de frio para pessegueiros e nectarineiras

Blossom dates for 41 peaches and nectarines accesses from the Active Gene Bank (BAG) of stone fruits were evaluated at Capao Bonito (SP), Brazil. Observations of flowering date (70% of opened flowers) were taken and compared to the chilling hours requirement (NHF) considering 7.2 and 13oC. The NHF was estimated using multiple regression equations based on maximum and minimum temperature. The accesses from the BAG were separated by cluster analysis into four groups for peaches and three for nectarines by cluster analysis. The following peaches accesses: IAC 2485-6, IAC 680-13 and Regis and for nectarine: IAC N 785- 9 showed flowering date before July 10th with NHF less than 40 and 500, below 7.2 and 13oC, respectively. The peach cultivars Eldorado, Diamante, Arlequim, Bolao, and Marli showed blossom dates after August 1st, requiring more than 70 and 650 NHF bellow 7.2 and 13oC, respectively. The main peach cultivars for Sao Paulo State like: Aurora-1, Douradao and Dourado-1, flowered from July 11 to 20 with NHF from 41 to 50 bellow 7.2oC and from 501 to 560 bellow 13oC.

Modelos agrometeorológicos de estimativa da duração do estádio floração-maturação para três cultivares de café arábica

Models that consider the climatic effects to the physiologic processes of the phenology are fundamental for obtaining agrometeorological models more consistent to estimate duration of the flowering-maturation coffee growth stage and consequently better coffee grain yield estimates. The main objective was to obtain the parametrization and validation of different agrometeorological models that quantify the duration of the flowering-maturation stage for three arabica coffee cultivars. Phenological data were collected concerning Mundo Novo, Catuai, and Obata IAC 1669-20 cultivars from the experimental studies between the growing seasons 2001/02 to 2007/08 at Agronomic Institute (IAC/APTA), located at Campinas and Mococa, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The growing seasons from 2001/02 to 2004/05 were used for the parametrization of the models, and from 2005/06 to 2007/08 were reserved for the validations. Five different thermal sums were used to estimate the duration of the flowering-maturation stage. Three based on evapotranspiration: potential (ETp), actual (ETr) and a combination between ETr and ETp (ETr-ETp); and two based on classic growing degree-days (GD) and a corrected by the water availability factor (GDcorr) during the fructification period. Results indicated that models considering correction for water availability (ETr and GDcorr) presented better results with estimative of the duration of the flowering-maturation stage with larger consistence than the other sums. The accumulation models considering ETr values of 746 mm, 762 mm, and 799 mm and GD corr (base temperature of 10.5°C) values of 2733 GDD, 2816 GDD, and 3008 GDD, respectively for Mundo Novo, Catuai, and Obata IAC 1669-20 cultivars, can be considered more consistent parameter for flowering-maturation phase estimation. The parametrized models were tested with independent years, and presented good estimates. The results confirm the need of the water availability factor to be considered for the quantification of the required thermal sums.

Épocas de florescimento e colheita da nogueira-macadâmia para áreas cafeícolasda regiäo sudeste

O cultivo da nogueira-macadâmia e rentavel economicamente e consiste em uma opcao para a arborizacao do cafeeiro em diversas regioes; entretanto, a unica restricao de manejo e que as datas de colheita do cafe nao coincidam com as da macadâmia. O objetivo do trabalho e estimar as provaveis datas de florescimento e da queda natural dos frutos (colheita) para varias localidades que apresentam o cultivo do cafe nas regioes da Zona da Mata e sul de Minas Gerais, leste de Sao Paulo e sul do Espirito Santo. Foram utilizadas series historicas de dados de temperatura maxima e minima do ar (oC) e a precipitacao (mm) de estacoes meteorologicas da regiao Sudeste que apresentam o cultivo cafeeiro e que sao aptas climaticamente para a nogueira-macadâmia. Utilizando dados medios mensais de temperatura do ar e total pluviometrico, foram calculados a evapotranspiracao potencial e os balancos hidricos sequenciais, alem do somatorio dos graus-dia para todas as localidades. As melhores datas de colheita da nogueira-macadâmia foram determinadas em funcao dos periodos que evitam as datas de colheita dos cafeeiros e tambem as epocas em que ha ocorrencia de precipitacoes (> 10 mm). As localidades com maior precocidade foram Sao Mateus - ES, e Vitoria - ES, e as tardias foram Barbacena - MG, Caldas -MG, e Campos do Jordao - SP. Para todas as localidades analisadas, nao houve problema na utilizacao da nogueira-macadâmia como arborizacao, visto que a colheita nao ocorre ao mesmo tempo do cafe, exceto em Campos do Jordao. Eventuais precipitacoes podem ocorrer durante a colheita e atrapalhar o processo.

Variações na anatomia foliar de videira Niagara em diferentes sistemas de condução

Variations in leaf anatomy are caused by several environmental factors, mainly the availability of solar radiation, leading to possible changes in photosynthetic capacity and crop yield. This paper aims to identify alterations in grapevine ‘Niagara Rosada’ and ‘Niagara Branca’ leaf anatomy grown in three different training systems: double cordon (ESP), lyre (Y) and lyre with plastic (YPLA). The anatomical studies were made using mature leaves, external in relation to the canopy, collected in distinct regions of vine plants (lower, middle and upper). For anatomical characterization the samples were fixed in FAA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned in microtome and stained with safranin-alcian blue. Slides were examined with an optical microscope with the aid of the image analysis software Motic and the video image was acquired by using a JVC video camera attached to the same optical microscope. Leaf anatomy parameters were measured for ten leaves collected in each treatment: thickness of the leaf blade, of the palisade and of the spongy parenchyma, of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and the ratio of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Analyses of variance were performed by F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The results indicate that the Niagara Branca and Niagara Rosada cultivars conducted in ESP had a greater average leaf blade thickness, but they were less productive when compared with Y and YPLA. Leaves grown under sunlight showed higher leaf thickness due to a greater development of palisade parenchyma, irrespective of the conduction system.

Probabilidade de ocorrência de temperaturas mínimas menores que 5ºC na região do médio Paranapanema

The Medium Paranapanema region is an agricultural area in the State of Sao Paulo where minimum air temperatures below 5 oC (Tmin5) occur during May to September, with little occurrence of frosts. This study aimed to determine the probability of occurrence of Tmin5 which could be harmful to agriculture. Therefore, data of 13 years were analyzed at 7 locations (Assis, Manduri, Taruma, Palmital, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Quata and Pedrinhas Paulista) of the region. The analysis of the data was made in two steps; firstly a test was applied to determine if the available data series would be sufficient for the proposed study; and after that, the data were fitted to the Gaussian probability distribution with 10 temperature classes (between 4 and 5 oC, 3 and 4 oC, 2 and 3 oC, 1 and 2 oC, 0 and 1 oC, -1 and 0 oC, -2 and -1 oC, -3 and -2 oC, -4 and -3 oC, -5 and -4 oC). It was possible to determine that historical series with six years of data were enough for study of the Tmin5. The Gaussian distribution fitting for different temperature ranges and for months were all significant at 5%. Differences of Tmin5 were observed among places and the analyzed months. It was observed that in June and July there is higher probability of Tmin5 in Manduri, Assis and Taruma. These localities can be considered the coldest of the region. It was also observed that the highest probability for minimum air temperature was about 7% for the whole Medium Paranapanema region in July for temperatures between 0 and 5 oC.

Validation of the Deardorff model for estimating energy balance components for a sugarcane crop

The quantification of the available energy in the environment is important because it determines photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and, therefore, the final yield of crops. Instruments for measuring the energy balance are costly and indirect estimation alternatives are desirable. This study assessed the Deardorffs model performance during a cycle of a sugarcane crop in Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in comparison to the aerodynamic method. This mechanistic model simulates the energy fluxes (sensible, latent heat and net radiation) at three levels (atmosphere, canopy and soil) using only air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed measured at a reference level above the canopy, crop leaf area index, and some pre-calibrated parameters (canopy albedo, soil emissivity, atmospheric transmissivity and hydrological characteristics of the soil). The analysis was made for different time scales, insolation conditions and seasons (spring, summer and autumn). Analyzing all data of 15 minute intervals, the model presented good performance for net radiation simulation in different insolations and seasons. The latent heat flux in the atmosphere and the sensible heat flux in the atmosphere did not present differences in comparison to data from the aerodynamic method during the autumn. The sensible heat flux in the soil was poorly simulated by the model due to the poor performance of the soil water balance method. The Deardorffs model improved in general the flux simulations in comparison to the aerodynamic method when more insolation was available in the environment.

Climatic potential for summer and winter wine production

BACKGROUND The geoviticultural multicriteria climatic classification (MCC) system provides an efficient guide for assessing the influence of climate on wine varieties. Paraná is one of the three states in southern Brazil that has great potential for the expansion of wine production, mainly due to the conditions that favour two harvests a year. The objective was to apply the geoviticultural MCC system in two production seasons. We used maximum, mean and minimum air temperature and precipitation for 1990-2015 for the state of Paraná. Air temperature and Precipitation were used to calculate the evapotranspiration and water balance. We applied the MCC system to identify potential areas for grapevine production for harvests in both summer and winter and then determined the climatic zones for each geoviticultural climate. RESULTS Paraná has viticultural climates with conditions favourable for grapevine cultivation for the production of fine wines from summer and winter harvests. The conditions for the winter harvest provided wines with good coloration and high aromatic potential relative to the summer harvest. CONCLUSION Chardonnay, Merlot, Pinot Blanc and Müller-Thurgau were suitable for regions with lower air temperatures and water deficits. Pinot Blanc and Müller-Thurgau were typical for the southern region of Paraná.

Temperatura do ar em sistemas de produção de café arábica em monocultivo e arborizados com seringueira e coqueiro-anão na região de Mococa, SP

The technique of arborized coffee crops attemp to minimize the extreme meteorological conditions improving the crop development and yield. This work aimed to characterize the air temperature in arborized systems compared to unshaded cultivation. Evaluations were accomplished in a field experiment, implanted in 1999 at Mococa, one of the most important coffee producing areas at State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental plot had 1600 m 2 , where the coffee plants, cv. Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, were cultivated in unshaded and arborized systems with rubber tree (16x16m) and dwarf coconut palm (8X8m). The air temperature measurements were made during 2006/07 and 2007/08 crop production years. The treatment with rubber tree reduced the daily maximum air temperature up to 3 °C, especially during summer and spring seasons. In cloudy days there were no differences among treatments with rubber tree and dwarf coconut palm tree and unshaded system. Higher values of daily air temperature amplitude were observed in unshaded coffee treatment. The arborized systems minimize the extreme low temperature effect as they raise the minimum air temperature up to 2 o C.